IL-18 gene polymorphisms affect IL-18 production capability by monocytes

We previously demonstrated a significant association between IL-18 gene polymorphism 105A/C and asthma. In this study, we investigated the relationship of IL-18 gene polymorphism to IL-18 production capability by monocytes. The frequency of gene polymorphisms including IL-18-105A/C and IL-18--137G/C was determined by PCR analyses. The IL-18 production by monocytes stimulated without or with LPS or A23187+PMA for 1day was measured by ELISA. The produced IL-18 spontaneously or in response to A23187+PMA by monocytes was significantly higher for volunteers with 105A/A genotype than with 105A/C genotype. Similarly, the production capability of IL-18 by monocytes from volunteers with -137G/G genotype was significantly higher than that with -137G/C genotype and significant linkage disequilibrium was observed between 105A/C and -137G/C polymorphism. Thus, the genetic capacity to produce more IL-18 in response to stimuli may affect the onset of asthma.     

The secondary structure of pressure- and temperature-induced aggregates of equine serum albumin studied by FT-IR spectroscopy

The protein aggregation is divided into amyloid fibrils and amorphous aggregates. Amyloid fibrils are composed of the 3-dimensional ordered structure and are bound to thioflavin T and Congo red dyes. The amorphous aggregates with the disordered structure do not bind to these dyes. We have investigated the pressure- and heat-induced aggregates of equine serum albumin (ESA) from the secondary structural viewpoint using FT-IR spectroscopy. We show the secondary structural differences between heat- and pressure-induced aggregates of ESA. The heat-induced irreversible aggregates of ESA are composed of the intermolecular beta-sheet structure without binding thioflavie T and Congo red to be amorphous form. On the other hand, the pressure-induced reversible aggregates are composed of the random structure to be also amorphous form. From the comparison of pressure effects on ESA in native and reducing conditions of disulfide bridges, we demonstrate that the restriction of structural flexibility by disulfide bridges is an important factor for the reversibility of the pressure-induced aggregation.     

Rapid identification of marine bioluminescent bacteria by amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene restriction analysis

To rapidly identify natural isolates of marine bioluminescent bacteria, we developed amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) methods. ARDRA, which is based on the restriction patterns of 16S rRNA gene digested with five enzymes (EcoRI, DdeI, HhaI, HinfI, RsaI), clearly distinguished the 14 species of marine bioluminescent bacteria currently known, which belong to the genera Vibrio, Photobacterium, and Shewanella. When we applied ARDRA to 129 natural isolates from two cruises in Sagami Bay, Japan, 127 were grouped into six ARDRA types with distinctive restriction patterns; these isolates represented the bioluminescent species, P. angustum, P. leiognathi, P. phosphoreum, S. woodyi, V. fischeri, and V. harveyi. The other two isolates showing unexpected ARDRA patterns turned out to have 16S rRNA gene sequences similar to P. leiognathi and P. phosphoreum. Nevertheless, ARDRA provides a simple and fairly robust means for rapid identification of the natural isolates of marine bioluminescent bacteria, and is therefore useful in studying their diversity.     

Evidence for transit peptide acquisition through duplication and subsequent frameshift mutation of a preexisting protein gene in rice

Many proteins synthesized in the cytosol are delivered to their appropriate compartments in the cell by specific targeting signals. Here, we provide new insight into the generation of the chloroplast-targeting signal (called the transit peptide) in rice. First, we identified the mitochondrial ribosomal protein L13 (mt rpl13) gene on chromosome 5. Downstream of the gene, we identified a DNA fragment of 266 bp: a segment within a duplication of mt rpl13. The duplicated region was transcribed and found to encode an open reading frame (ORF) of 160 amino acids (aa) (orf160). The orf160 gene comprises C-terminal 60 aa derived from the mt rpl13 gene and N-terminal 100 aa derived from another duplicated fragment of a pentatricopeptide repeat (ppr)564 gene that encodes 564 aa with ppr motifs on chromosome 1. Examination of the localization of the ORF160 protein tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) showed that it is targeted to the chloroplasts. As such, ORF160 clearly contains a transit peptide. Interestingly, this was translated from the alternative reading frame of the duplicated fragment of ppr564. To confirm this, the reading frame of the ppr564 gene was shifted according to that of the orf160 gene, and the frameshifted ppr564 sequence was fused to the gene for GFP. The expressed GFP-fused protein was also located in the chloroplasts. These results provide clear evidence for the generation of the transit peptide through duplication and subsequent frameshifting of a reading frame of a preexisting protein gene. We also demonstrate the importance of sequence redundancy and frameshift mutation in this evolutionary process.     

Syntheses of naturally occurring terphenyls and related compounds

Naturally occurring terphenyls and related compounds such as terferol and its corresponding quinone and phlebiarubrone were synthesized from 2,5-diphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone. According to the proposed biosynthetic pathway, chemical conversion of phlebiarubrone to ustalic acid, a toxic compound isolated from the poisonous mushroom, Tricholoma ustale, was examined to find a low-yield conversion to the ustalic acid dimethyl ester.     

Silkworm midgut proteins interacting with a hemolymph protease inhibitor, CI-8

CI-8 is the chymotrypsin inhibitor in hemolymph from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. It occurs in the midgut at the spinning stage of larva, but little information on the mechanism of its uptake in the midgut is available. We found that two polypeptides interacting with CI-8 are in the midgut membrane, and we purified them using a biotinylated CI-8, viz., p29 and p60, having molecular sizes of 29 kDa and 60 kDa respectively. The structures of p29 and p60 were examined by N-terminal amino acid sequencing and peptide mass mapping, including tryptic digestion. p29 was highly similar to the matured 19G1-30K lipoprotein from hemolymph, but p60 was novel. Purified p29 was recognized by anti-19G1-30K antibody, and was confirmed to be similar to 19G1-30K. The antibody also neutralized the CI-8 binding ability of p29 in the midgut membrane. p29 and p60 are perhaps proteinaceous factors involved in the uptake of CI-8 into the midgut through the membrane.     

Introduction and verification of a novel method for measuring wood fiber length using a single cross section in Acacia mangium

A novel method for calculating the wood fiber length using a single cross section was devised and verified in Acacia mangium. This method is based on the ratio of cell tips to total cell number in a cross section related to the wood fiber. The fiber length was calculated using the single cross-section method and was compared with the measurements obtained using the conventional maceration method and the serial cross-section method. There was no significant difference among the three methods.     

The murine homolog of SALL4, a causative gene in Okihiro syndrome, is essential for embryonic stem cell proliferation, and cooperates with Sall1 in anorectal, heart, brain and kidney development

Mutations in SALL4, the human homolog of the Drosophila homeotic gene spalt (sal), cause the autosomal dominant disorder known as Okihiro syndrome. In this study, we show that a targeted null mutation in the mouse Sall4 gene leads to lethality during peri-implantation. Growth of the inner cell mass from the knockout blastocysts was reduced, and Sall4-null embryonic stem (ES) cells proliferated poorly with no aberrant differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that anorectal and heart anomalies in Okihiro syndrome are caused by Sall4 haploinsufficiency and that Sall4/Sall1 heterozygotes exhibited an increased incidence of anorectal and heart anomalies, exencephaly and kidney agenesis. Sall4 and Sall1 formed heterodimers, and a truncated Sall1 caused mislocalization of Sall4 in the heterochromatin; thus, some symptoms of Townes-Brocks syndrome caused by SALL1 truncations could result from SALL4 inhibition.     

Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures

Design, synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a series of antipsoriatic antedrugs having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 are described. Among the seven compounds examined, two are promising: ester 5c and amide 5f, both of which exhibit greater potent antiproliferation activity with lessened calcemic activity than the presently prescribed maxacalcitol (2).