Alteration of protein homeostasis mediates the interaction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Staphylococcus aureus

Intracellular protein degradation is essential for the survival of all organisms, but its role in interspecies interaction is unknown. Here, we show that the ClpXP protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa suppresses its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen co-isolated with P. aeruginosa from polymicrobial human infections. Using proteomic, biochemical, and molecular genetic approaches, we found that this effect is due to the inhibitory effects of ClpXP on the quorum sensing (QS) of P. aeruginosa, mainly by degrading proteins (e.g., PhnA, PhnB, PqsR, and RhlI) which are critical for the production of QS signal molecules PQS and C4-HSL. We provide evidence that co-culturing with S. aureus induces a decrease in the activity of ClpXP in P. aeruginosa, an effect which was also achieved by the treatment of P. aeruginosa with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a widespread chemical present on the surface of diverse cell types from bacteria to humans. These findings extend the range of biological events governed by proteolytic machinery to microbial community structure, thus also suggesting that a chemical-induced alteration of protein homeostasis is a mechanism for interspecies interactions.     

Preparation of co‐Co3O4/carbon nanotube/carbon foam for glucose sensor

Co‐Co₃O₄/carbon nanotube/carbon foam (Co‐Co₃O₄/CNT/CF) nanocomposites were prepared by soaking melamine foam into a solution of Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, followed by calcination in N₂ and air in sequence. The obtained Co‐Co₃O₄/CNT/CF nanocomposites were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. It was found that Co₃O₄ nanoparticles were grown on the external of CF successfully, while CNTs were grown on the surfaces of CF in a large amount, which further improved the electrical conductivity of the. The prepared Co‐Co₃O₄/CNT/CF nanocomposites were then used to construct nonenzymatic sensor to detect glucose in alkaline solution. The sensor showed detection range from 1.2 μM to 2.29 mM with a detection limit of 0.4 μM (S/N =3) and a high sensitivity of 637.5 μA^?1 cm^?2. The developed sensor also showed an instant response, favorable reproducibility, and high selectivity. The results attest that Co‐Co₃O₄/CNT/CF composites have great potential in the development of nonenzymatic sensors for glucose.     

神经递质的可视化荧光检测技术研究进展

神经递质是神经系统中至关重要的组成部分,神经递质释放的时间和空间变化是神经网络中信息处理的核心,可视化监测神经递质的生物传感器是探究各类生理和病理活动的重要工具。文中综述了近年来具有较高时间和空间分辨率的监测神经递质时空分布变化技术的研究进展,介绍了对谷氨酸、多巴胺、γ-氨基丁酸和乙酰胆碱这4类重要的神经递质的检测方法,并归纳总结了各类检测方法的基本原理和优缺点,为设计具有高时空分辨率的神经递质传感器提供一个较为系统的参考。     

水分驱动下茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris Thunb.)地上生物量模型与异速生长特征

构建生物量预估模型,探究生物量在各器官中的分配策略和异速生长关系及其对环境因子的响应,对理解植物群落结构、功能、碳储存和分配机制具有重要意义。本研究以内蒙古荒漠草原常见种茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris Thunb.)为对象,在不同水分处理下,利用易测指标,如株高、基径、分枝数、冠幅和生物量等参数建立生物量模型,采用标准化主轴分析法分析其异速生长关系。结果表明:在不同水分处理下,茵陈蒿的最佳生物量预估模型的变量选择不同;不同水分处理下茵陈蒿各器官间、各器官与地上生物量间的异速生长关系不同,但相对于自然降水量,增水和减水50%下均为等速生长,这说明在不同水分条件下茵陈蒿对各器官间的资源配置存在权衡策略,符合最优分配假说;而在极端气候条件下,各器官对资源的竞争会变弱;在荒漠草原中,对草本植物进行生物量模拟,选择预测变量和方程模型时,应考虑生长季降水量。本研究可为荒漠草原草本植物生物量预估模型的建立和异速生长关系对环境因子适应的理解等提供方法支持及理论依据。     

乙醇对瘤胃液接种稻秸的体外发酵产物及细菌群落结构的影响

旨在研究乙醇对山羊瘤胃液与水稻秸秆厌氧共培养的影响。利用频繁传代的体外发酵技术和高通量测序方法,分析了短链脂肪酸(SCFA)产量和细菌群落的变化。结果表明,经体外培养传代8次的稻秸发酵液的总短链脂肪酸产量显著高于瘤胃液(P<0.01);与未添加乙醇的稻秸发酵液相比,添加乙醇显著提高了乙酸、戊酸和己酸的比例,降低了丙酸和丁酸的比例(P<0.01),总SCFA产量及异丁酸和异戊酸比例无显著差异。与瘤胃液相比,稻秸发酵液的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度下降,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度升高(P<0.05),且添加乙醇显著提高了厚壁菌门和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度(P<0.05);添加乙醇使双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、未定性的毛螺菌属(unidentified Lachnospiraceae)、产琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)和未定性的梭菌属(unidentified Clostridiales)的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05)。乙醇使稻秸发酵液的显著性差异物种(Biomarker)增加;稻秸发酵液与瘤胃液亲缘关系较近,而添加乙醇显著改变了细菌区系;短链脂肪酸比例在稻秸发酵液细菌群落多样性中具有重要作用。研究表明,体外频繁传代和添加乙醇可以提高稻秸发酵液的乙酸、戊酸和己酸产量,乙醇改变了稻秸发酵液的细菌群落结构。     

Allopatric divergence and hybridization within Cupressus chengiana (Cupressaceae), a threatened conifer in the northern Hengduan Mountains of western China

Having a comprehensive understanding of population structure, genetic differentiation and demographic history is important for the conservation and management of threatened species. High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) provides exciting opportunities to address a wide range of factors for conservation genetics. Here, we generated HTS data and identified 266,884 high‐quality single nucleotide polymorphisms from 82 individuals of Cupressus chengiana, to assess population genomics across the species' full range, comprising the Daduhe River (DDH), Minjiang River (MJR) and Bailongjiang River (BLJ) catchments in western China. admixture , principal components analysis and phylogenetic analyses indicated that each region contains a distinct lineage, with high levels of differentiation between them (DDH, MJR and BLJ lineages). MJR was newly distinguished compared to previous surveys, and evidence including coalescent simulations supported a hybrid origin of MJR during the Quaternary. Each of these three lineages should be recognized as an evolutionarily significant unit (ESU), due to isolation, differing genetic adaptations and different demographic history. Currently, each ESU faces distinct threats, and will require different conservation strategies. Our work shows that population genomic approaches using HTS can reconstruct the complex evolutionary history of threatened species in mountainous regions, and hence inform conservation efforts, and contribute to the understanding of high biodiversity in mountains.     

Komagataeibacter rhaeticus 3-15全基因组及葡萄糖脱氢酶基因缺失体的构建

细菌纤维素(BC)是一种新型的可再生、可降解的生物高分子材料。为了最大程度的发挥BC生产菌株K.rhaeticus 315的生产能力,本文首先对K.rhaeticus 315进行全基因组测序,通过功能基因的注释、分析碳源代谢流向。结果显示,该菌株碳代谢特征之一是缺乏磷酸果糖激酶的编码基因,不能通过EMP途径代谢糖类碳源,而是主要通过PPP途径和TCA途径代谢碳源,维持菌体生长和BC合成。由于葡萄糖脱氢酶的存在,该菌株在合成BC的同时生成大量副产物—葡萄糖酸。为此,本文通过敲除葡萄糖酸合成酶相关基因,即葡萄糖脱氢酶基因gcd,构建葡萄糖脱氢酶基因缺失重组株(gcd^-),将葡萄糖酸的生成量降低了77%。     

解磷菌对设施土壤金属元素有效含量及黄瓜秧苗金属元素吸收量的影响

通过向设施土壤中添加解磷菌和秸秆,达到活化土壤中作物所需金属元素的含量,促进作物对中微量元素吸收的目的。试验设置对照、秸秆、解磷菌、解磷菌+秸秆4个处理,在不同时间测试土壤及秧苗中钙、镁、铜、铁、锌等的含量,确定解磷菌及秸秆对设施土壤金属元素含量及黄瓜秧苗吸收量的影响。试验结果表明,秸秆、解磷菌、秸秆+解磷菌处理能明显增加黄瓜秧苗吸收钙、镁、铁、铜的能力,对锌的吸收没有影响,其中秸秆+解磷菌处理对黄瓜秧苗吸收钙、镁、铜影响最大,促进作用分别达到6.26%、8.25%和11.57%,3种处理对设施土壤中有效钙、镁、铁的含量没有影响,但是能明显提高土壤中有效铜、锌的含量,盛果后期有效铜含量分别比对照提高12.19%、15.41%、16.49%,盛果后期有效锌含量分别比对照区提高38.8%、33.26%、56.81%。