全文获取类型
收费全文 | 288篇 |
免费 | 27篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 8篇 |
2015年 | 6篇 |
2014年 | 5篇 |
2013年 | 12篇 |
2012年 | 9篇 |
2011年 | 8篇 |
2010年 | 14篇 |
2009年 | 10篇 |
2008年 | 15篇 |
2007年 | 8篇 |
2006年 | 6篇 |
2005年 | 10篇 |
2004年 | 6篇 |
2003年 | 6篇 |
2002年 | 11篇 |
2001年 | 8篇 |
2000年 | 11篇 |
1999年 | 13篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1969年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1966年 | 3篇 |
1963年 | 3篇 |
1962年 | 2篇 |
1961年 | 5篇 |
1959年 | 3篇 |
1958年 | 2篇 |
1955年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有315条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
91.
Kusakabe M Cheong PL Nikfar R McLennan IS Koishi K 《Journal of cellular biochemistry》2008,103(1):311-320
The TGF-beta family members are generated as latent pre-pro-polypeptides. The active mature peptides are cleaved from the latent forms by cellular proteases. TGF-beta 1, for instance, is predominantly processed by a substilisin-like proprotein convertase, furin. TGF-beta 2 has a consensus cleavage site for furin and therefore has been presumed to be cleaved by furin. However, TGF-beta 2 is often secreted as the latent form, which appears to be inconsistent with its postulated sensitivity to furin. We report here that both the regular (short) form of TGF-beta2 and its spliced variant with an additional exon (long form) are insensitive to furin. NIH 3T3 and CHO cells were transfected with expression vectors containing the short or long form of TGF-beta 2 or a chimeric TGF-beta consisting of the TGF-beta1 LAP region, the TGF-beta 2 cleavage site and the TGF-beta 2 mature peptide. The constructs included a c-myc epitope tag in the N-terminal region of the mature peptide. The TGF-betas produced by the transfected cells were analyzed with Western blots and immunocytochemistry. The intracellular proteins harvested from these cells were incubated with furin. Furin only inefficiently cleaved both the long and short forms of TGF-beta 2, but efficiently processed the chimeric TGF-beta. This indicates that the insensitivity of both forms of TGF-beta 2 to furin is a consequence of the tertiary structure of their LAP regions rather than their cleavage site. This differential processing of TGF-beta1 and -beta 2 may be part of the mechanism that generates isoform-specific functions of the TGF-betas. 相似文献
92.
93.
Hydrogen (H2) is a by-product of the symbiotic nitrogen fixation (N2 fixation) between legumes and root-nodule bacteria (rhizobia). Some rhizobial strains have an uptake hydrogenase enzyme (commonly referred to as Hup+) that recycles H2 within the nodules. Other rhizobia, described as Hup?, do not have the enzyme and the H2 produced diffuses from the nodules into the soil where it is consumed by microorganisms. The effect of this phenomenon on the soil biota and on the soil itself, and consequent stimulation of plant growth, has been demonstrated previously. Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cv. Leichhardt, inoculated with either a Hup+ strain (CB1809) or one of two Hup? strains (USDA442 or USDA16) of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and uninoculated soybeans, plus a non-legume control [capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.)] were grown in the field at Ayr, North Queensland, Australia. The objectives were to examine (1) relationships between N2 fixation and H2 emission, and (2) the influence H2-induced changes in soil might have during the legume phase and/or on the performance of a following crop. Strains CB1809 and USDA442 were highly effective in N2 fixation (“good” fixers); USDA16 was partly effective (“poor” fixer). The soil had a large but non-uniformly distributed naturalised population of B. japonicum and most uninoculated control plants formed nodules that fixed some N2. These naturalised strains were classified as “poor fixers” of N2 and were Hup+. H2 emissions from nodules were assessed for all treatments when the soybean crop was 62 days old. Other parameters of symbiotic N2 fixation and plant productivity were measured when the crop was 62 and 96 days old and at crop maturity. Immediately after final harvest, the land was sown to a crop of maize (Zea mays L.) in order to determine the consequences of H2 emission from the soybean crop on maize growth. It was estimated that soybeans inoculated with USDA442, the highly effective Hup– strain of B. japonicum, fixed 117 kg shoot N/ha (or about 195 kg total N/ha if the fixed N associated with roots and nodules was taken into account), and contributed about 215,000 l H2 gas per hectare to the ecosystem over the life of the crop. The volume of H2 evolved from soybeans nodulated by the Hup+ strain CB1809 was only 6% of that emitted by the USDA442 treatment, but there was no indication that soybean inoculated with USDA442 benefited from the additional H2 input. The shoot biomass, grain yield, and amounts of N fixed (105 kg shoot N/ha, 175 kg total N/ha) by the CB1809 treatment were little less than for USDA442 plants. Three days after the soybean crop was harvested, the plots were over-sown with maize along the same row lines in which the soybeans had grown. This procedure exposed the maize roots to whatever influence soybean H2 emission might have had on the soil and/or the soil microflora immediately surrounding soybean nodules. The evidence for a positive effect of soybean H2 emission on maize production was equivocal. While the consistent differences between those pre-treatments that emitted H2 and those that did not indicated a trend, only one difference (out of the 12 parameters of maize productivity that were measured) was statistically significant at P?<?0.05. The findings need substantiation by further investigation. 相似文献
94.
95.
MR Scrochi CN Zanuzzi N Fuentealba F Nishida ME Bravi ME Pacheco 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2017,92(8):560-568
Many viruses alter different stages of apoptosis of infected cells as a strategy for successful infection. Few studies have addressed mechanisms of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) strain-induced cell death. We investigated the effect of an abortigenic strain (AR8 strain) on heterologous Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells and homologous equine dermis (ED) cells cell lines. We compared morphologic and biochemical features of early and late apoptosis at different postinfection times. We investigated translocation of phosphatidylserine to the cell surface, nuclear fragmentation and changes in the cytoskeleton using flow cytometry and annexin V/propidium iodide staining, DNA laddering, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase UTP nick-end labeling assay and immunofluorescence staining of cytokeratin 18 cleavage. AR8 EVH-1 strain interfered with apoptosis in both cell lines, particularly during the middle stage of the replication cycle; this was more evident in ED cells. Although this antiapoptotic effect has been reported for other alpha herpesviruses, our findings may help elucidate how EHV-1 improves its infectivity during its cycle. 相似文献
96.
Diadenosine oligophosphates (Ap(n)A) have been proposed as intracellular and extracellular signaling molecules in animal cells. The ratio of diadenosine 5',5'-P1,P3-triphosphate to diadenosine 5',5'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap3A/Ap4A) is sensitive to the cellular status and alters when cultured cells undergo differentiation or are treated with interferons. In cells undergoing apoptosis induced by DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor VP16, the concentration of Ap3A decreases significantly while that of Ap4A increases. Here, we have examined the effects of exogenously added Ap3A and Ap4A on apoptosis and morphological differentiation. Penetration of Ap(n)A into cells was achieved by cold shock. Ap4A at 10 microM induced programmed cell death in human HL60, U937 and Jurkat cells and mouse VMRO cells and this effect appeared to require Ap4A breakdown as hydrolysis-resistant analogues of Ap4A were inactive. On its own, Ap3A induced neither apoptosis nor cell differentiation but did display strong synergism with the protein kinase C activators 12-deoxyphorbol-13-O-phenylacetate and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-O-phenylacetate-20-acetate in inducing differentiation of HL60 cells. We propose that Ap4A and Ap3A are physiological antagonists in determination of the cellular status: Ap4A induces apoptosis whereas Ap3A is a co-inductor of differentiation. In both cases, the mechanism of signal transduction remains unknown. 相似文献
97.
The lytB gene of Escherichia coli is essential and specifies a product needed for isoprenoid biosynthesis. 下载免费PDF全文
LytB and GcpE, because they are codistributed with other pathway enzymes, have been predicted to catalyze unknown steps in the nonmevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. We constructed a conditional Escherichia coli lytB mutant and found that LytB is essential for survival and that depletion of LytB results in cell lysis, which is consistent with a role for this protein in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Alcohols which can be converted to pathway intermediates beyond the hypothesized LytB step(s) support limited growth of E. coli lytB mutants. An informatic analysis of protein structure suggested that GcpE is a globular protein of the TIM barrel class and that LytB is also a globular protein. Possible biochemical roles for LytB and GcpE are suggested. 相似文献
98.
Sticklebacks are used as a model system in behavioral and evolutionary research, and therefore it is important to have a complete
understanding of their biology. Despite this, the presence of acoustic signals has never been explored. This study examines
acoustic cues in brook sticklebacks during courtship, spawning, egg guarding, and fry guarding. Although some fish produce
sounds during spine flaring, results of this experiment showed that brook sticklebacks do not. Females did produce incidental
sounds while depositing eggs in the nest. However, these were low intensity and seem unlikely to be heard over background
noise. 相似文献
99.
Elspeth A. McLennan Rebecca M. Gooley Phil Wise Katherine Belov Carolyn J. Hogg Catherine E. Grueber 《Conservation Genetics》2018,19(2):439-450
Tasmanian devils have experienced an 85% population decline since the emergence of an infectious cancer. In response, a captive insurance population was established in 2006 with a subpopulation later introduced onto Maria Island, Tasmania. We aimed to (1) examine the genetic parameters of the Maria Island population as a stand-alone site and within its broader metapopulation context, (2) assess the efficacy of assisted colonisations, and (3) inform future translocations. This study reconstructs the pedigree of 86 island-born devils using 31 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Combined molecular and pedigree analysis was used to monitor change in population genetic parameters in 4 years since colonisation. Molecular analysis alone revealed no significant change in genetic diversity, while DNA-reconstructed pedigree analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in inbreeding due to skewed founder representation. Pedigree modelling predicted that gene diversity would only be maintained above the threshold of 95% for a further 2 years, dropping to 77.1% after 40 years. Modelling alternative supplementation strategies revealed introducing eight new founders every 3 years will enable the population to retain 95% gene diversity until 2056, provided the translocated animals breed; to ensure this we recommend introducing ten new females every 3 years. We highlight the value of combining pedigree analyses with molecular data, from both a single-site and metapopulation viewpoint, for analysing changes in genetic parameters within populations of conservation concern. The importance of post-release genetic monitoring in an established population is emphasised, given how quickly inbreeding can accumulate and gene diversity be lost. 相似文献
100.
Deshpande NV Sabaté M Ligthart JM Kutryk MJ Serruys PW 《International journal of cardiovascular interventions》1998,1(1):45-48
Jailing of a side-branch is a known complication of stent implantation, and makes access to the side-branch difficult, especially if the stent is of the self-expanding type. Although plain balloon angioplasty is feasible for the jailed side-branches, the use of newer devices (a stent, Rotablation or atherectomy) has not been described. We describe a novel way of treating a side-branch jailed by a self-expanding stent by using stent implantation through the strut of a self-expanding stent. 相似文献