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81.
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The molecular structure of the carotenoid lactoside P457, (3S,5R,6R,3′S,5′R,6′S)‐13′‐cis‐5,6‐epoxy‐3′,5′‐dihydroxy‐3‐(β‐d ‐galactosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐d ‐glucosyl)oxy‐6′,7′‐didehydro‐5,6,7,8,5′,6′‐hexahydro‐β,β‐caroten‐20‐al, was confirmed by spectroscopic methods using Symbiodinium sp. strain NBRC 104787 cells isolated from a sea anemone. Among various algae, cyanobacteria, land plants, and marine invertebrates, the distribution of this unique diglycosyl carotenoid was restricted to free‐living peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates and marine invertebrates that harbor peridinin‐containing zooxanthellae. Neoxanthin appeared to be a common precursor for biosynthesis of peridinin and P457, although neoxanthin was not found in peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates. Fucoxanthin‐containing dinoflagellates did not possess peridinin or P457; green dinoflagellates, which contain chlorophyll a and b, did not contain peridinin, fucoxanthin, or P457; and no unicellular algae containing both peridinin and P457, other than peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates, have been observed. Therefore, the biosynthetic pathways for peridinin and P457 may have been coestablished during the evolution of dinoflagellates after the host heterotrophic eukaryotic microorganism formed a symbiotic association with red alga that does not contain peridinin or P457.  相似文献   
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The nucleotide sequences of rbcL genes encoding the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) were determined from six species of Prymnesiophyta to clarify their phylogenetic relationships. Molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony). These analyses suggest that the Prymnesiophyta, except for the Pavlovales, area relatively stable monophyletic group. Pleurochrysis carterae, included in the Isochrysidales, is a sister species of a monophyletic group consisting of other members of the Isochrysidales, Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Emiliania huxleyi, members of the Coccosphaerales, Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea and Umbilicosphaera sibogae var. foliosa, and a member of the Prymnesiales, Chrysochromulina hirta. The nucleotide sequence of rbcL from G. oceanica was identical to that from E. huxleyi within the region examined. Our trees show that G. oceanica and E. huxleyi are more closely related to C. hirta than to U. sibogae, C. sphaeroidea, and P. carterae. These results suggest that orders in the Prymnesiophyceae, including the above-mentioned genera, should be redefined.  相似文献   
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Seiza is one of the most commonly used sitting postures in various enrichment lessons of Japanese origin. It is reported that Seiza with large knee flexion produces harmful effects on the cartilage of knee joints and hemodynamics of the lower legs. This study aimed at examining the influence of Seiza on tissue oxygenation kinetics of the lower limbs, plantar somatic and cutaneous sensation, and the center of foot pressure (COP) sway using 10 young adults. COP sway was measured for 1 min just after sitting on a chair for 10 min (pre-test), after 30-min Seiza (post-test 1), and 5 min after Seiza (post-test 2). To evaluate the COP sway, we used 4 body sway factors; unit time sway factor (F1), front-back sway factor (F2), left-right sway factor (F3) and high frequency band power spectrum factor (F4). Physiological parameters (i.e., tissue oxygenation kinetics in the lower legs and sensation on the sole) were measured during 30-min Seiza (continuously on tissue oxygenation, and at 1 min intervals on sensation), and for 1 min just before each COP test (pre-test, post-test 1 and 2).Oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (Hb/Mb) concentration decreased markedly and deoxygenated Hb/Mb concentration increased markedly, resulting in reaching a plateau state at around 7 min. Tissue Hb/Mb index changed little during Seiza. Proprioceptive perception thresholds increased rapidly about 17 min after Starting Seiza. Means of 3 COP sway factors of F1, F2 and F4 were significantly higher in post-test 1 than in pre-test and post-test 2. In conclusion, a marked decrease in tissue oxygen concentration of the lower legs within 4-5 min, and an increase of proprioceptive perception thresholds in the sole at about 17 min are induced by Seiza. Although wiggle and quick body sway in the antero-posterior axis increases markedly in an upright posture just after maintaining Seiza for 30 min, sway recovers after sitting on a chair for 5 min.  相似文献   
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ABSTRACT

Collagen-derived dipeptide prolyl hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of various types of cultured cells. To elucidate the mechanism underlying Pro-Hyp actions during osteoblast differentiation, we hypothesized that proteins binding to Pro-Hyp serve to mediate cellular signaling, affecting Runx2 expression. Recently, we performed the characterization of Foxg1, that it enhances Runx2 expression in the presence of Pro-Hyp. Our findings indicate that Pro-Hyp directly binds to the Foxg1 recombinant protein, which leads to the structural alteration of the Foxg1 protein. In addition, Foxg1 appears to interact with Runx2 in the absence of Pro-Hyp, with Pro-Hyp disrupting the interaction between Foxg1 and Runx2. Collectively, our results indicate that the Pro-Hyp bound Foxg1 alters the structured conformation of Foxg1, resulting in conformational changes that lead to dissociation from Runx2. These novel findings suggest that during osteoblast differentiation, Pro-Hyp mediates Runx2 activity though directly binding to Foxg1 and increases Runx2 expression.

Abbreviations: CPT: collagen peptide; GST: Glutathione S-transferase; PAGE: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; prolyl hydroxyproline: Pro-Hyp  相似文献   
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Molecular Biology Reports - GABAergic system dysfunction has been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia and of cognitive impairments in particular. Patients with treatment-resistant...  相似文献   
90.
Seiza is a Japanese traditional floor sitting style, sitting down with both legs set at about a 180 degree angle and both femurs on both lower legs. We examined the influence of the somatic dysesthesia and decrease in voluntary toe flexion strength (VTF) induced by Seiza on the center of pressure (COP) sway. Fifteen adults participated in this experiment. COP Sway was measured immediately after a chair resting (pre-test), when a plantar dysethesia occurred (post-test A), and when a decrease (under 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) in the VTF set in (post-test B). Tissue oxygenation kinetics in the soleus muscle and plantar somatosensory thresholds (ST) were measured just before each COP test and during Seiza. From starting Seiza, oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin decreased markedly and reached a plateau within about 6 min. ST abruptly increased at about 19 min from starting Seiza. VTF decreased to less than 30% MVC in 33% of the participants after 10 min from the acute increase in ST, and in 100% after 20 min. When sustaining Seiza for 19 min, ST rose and sway velocity and antero-posterior sway increased. With continued Seiza, VTF decreased to below 30% MVC at 10 - 20 min, and the above stated body sway further markedly increase.  相似文献   
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