Comparison of different methods of glucose oxidase immobilization

Glucose oxidase was immobilized by covalent bond to two basic types of sorbents—glycidylmethacrylate copolymers and bead cellulose. These two types of carries were chemically modified, if needed, by the employing various procedures and subsequently used in the immobilization of native and oxidized glucose oxidase. The samples thus obtained were compared with those of immobilized glucose oxidase bound onto some common carriers. Samples which possessed not only a high absolute activity but also adequate mechanical and flow properties were characterized in greater detail with respect to the immobilization efficiency and kinetic properties of bound glucose oxidase.     

Control of spindle form and function in grasshopper spermatocytes

The influence of the mitotic organizing centers, the kinetochores and the polar organizers, in controlling the dynamic spindle form and function has been investigated in the primary spermatocytes of two grasshoppers, Arphia xanthoptera and Melanoplus differentialis. A new measure of the total birefringent material in the spindle is introduced—volume-birefringence. This measure avoids many of the problems associated with the traditional retardation measurements of spindle organization.—The number of chromosomes (and their kinetochores) in a spindle can be altered with a piezoelectric micromanipulator in three ways: 1) chromosomes can be removed permanently from the cell, 2) chromosomes can be detached from the spindle and allowed to reenter the spindle at a later time, and 3) chromosomes can be transferred from one spindle to another in cells containing two spindles. Such operations show the volume-birefringence of the spindle is proportional to the number of chromosomes in the spindle. A residual volume-birefringence is seen and attributed to the contribution of the polar organizers to spindle structure. The relative polar contribution differs in the two species. Chromosome motion and spindle elongation in anaphase are unaffected by the number of chromosomes in the spindle. The proportion of volume-birefringence associated with a kinetochore is used to estimate the number of microtubules one might expect to see if the birefringence of the spindle is of microtubular origin. These calculations predict about twice the number of microtubules per kinetochore than seen with the electron microscope. Reasons are suggested to explain this discrepancy.— It is argued that chromosome detachment releases spindle component subunits into the total subunit pool, but that these excess subunits do not influence the metaphase form nor the anaphase function of the spindle; therefore, spindle dynamics are under the direct control of the kinetochores and the polar organizing centers.     

Reciprocal allopolyploid grasses (Festuca × Lolium) display stable patterns of genome dominance

Allopolyploidization entailing the merger of two distinct genomes in a single hybrid organism, is an important process in plant evolution and a valuable tool in breeding programs. Newly established hybrids often experience massive genomic perturbations, including karyotype reshuffling and gene expression modifications. These phenomena may be asymmetric with respect to the two progenitors, with one of the parental genomes being “dominant.” Such “genome dominance” can manifest in several ways, including biased homoeolog gene expression and expression level dominance. Here we employed a k-mer–based approach to study gene expression in reciprocal Festuca pratensis Huds. × Lolium multiflorum Lam. allopolyploid grasses. Our study revealed significantly more genes where expression mimicked that of the Lolium parent compared with the Festuca parent. This genome dominance was heritable to successive generation and its direction was only slightly modified by environmental conditions and plant age. Our results suggest that Lolium genome dominance was at least partially caused by its more efficient trans-acting gene expression regulatory factors. Unraveling the mechanisms responsible for propagation of parent-specific traits in hybrid crops contributes to our understanding of allopolyploid genome evolution and opens a way to targeted breeding strategies.