Synthesis and Dissolution of Starch labelled with 14Carbon in Tobacco Leaf Tissue

Tobacco leaves depleted of starch, were detached and allowedto assimilate equal amounts of ¹⁴CO₂ and ¹²CO₂in succession,and vice versa. Distribution of radioactivity in starch, andsugars was determined after assimilation and after disks cutfrom the leaves had been kept in darkness for times up to 40hours. The amount and activity of the CO₂ was also determined.¹⁴C and ¹²C were incorporated in equal amounts into starch independentlyof the order in which they were supplied. In contrast sucrosehad high activity ¹⁴C was given last, and hexose a low one.The reverse was true when ¹²C was given last. Activity of respiratoryCO₂ was slightly higher when ¹⁴C was assimilated last as comparedwith ¹²C. In the dark only ¹⁴C or ¹²C was at first lost fromstarch, in accordance or removal of discrete layers. Analyticalresults show that starch is the main respiratory substrate andto account for the redistribution of radioactivity in passageto CO₂ it is concluded that sucrose occurs at two sites separatedinter-or intra-cellularly, one of which is in equilibrium withthe system intrconverting starch and CO₂ and at the other hexosesare produced by inversion. A starch-like polysaccharide is formedduring assimilation which persists in the dark and there isa significant contribution to respiration of carbon from non-carbohydratesources when leaf disks are kept on the dark.     

STUDIES ON PLANT CUTICLE

The waxy coverings of the leaves of different species of plant have been fractionated into wax, acidic, volatile and oil components. The levels of the waxy deposits on the leaves and the relative proportions of the principal components of the waxy coverings differed widely. Wax predominated in the waxy coverings of the leaves of cabbage and cauliflower and acidic materials in those of apple and pear.
The role of ether-soluble acidic constituents in a possible defensive mechanism of leaves against fungi, the contribution of water-soluble acidic constituents to the toxic action of copper fungicides and the influence of the waxy covering on spray deposition, phytotoxicity and the behaviour of DDT deposits on leaves are discussed. Earlier work on the nature of leaf wax components is reviewed.     

Fertilizing Pollen Tubes Parasitise Ovary Wall in Grevillea

Tissue-invasive pollen tube branching occurs in an Australianshrub, Grevillea banksii R.Br. (Proteaceae). Parenchyma andphloem of the ovary wall are soon infiltrated after fertilization,by intercellular branches and the lumina of xylem elements areentered. Ovular tissues are not affected. Grevillea banksii, pollen, haustoria, ovary wall     

Monitoring the persistence of Laccaria bicolor as an ectomycorrhizal symbiont of nursery-grown Douglas fir by PCR of the rDNA intergenic spacer

The large-scale inoculation of selected beneficial ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest nurseries has generated renewed interest in the ecology of these symbiotic fungi. However, information on the dissemination and persistence of introduced symbionts is scarce due to the limitation of the current identification methods. To identify ectomycorrhizal fungi on single root tips, we investigated the polymorphism of the PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer (IGS) from a wide range of ectomycorrhizal fungi. To investigate the reliability of this molecular approach in large-scale surveys, the dissemination and persistence on Douglas fir seedlings of the introduced Laccaria bicolor S238N were assessed in a forest nursery in the Massif Central (France). Several hundred ectomycorrhizas and fruiting bodies were sampled from plots where control and L. bicolor inoculated-Douglas fir seedlings were grown for 1.5 years. PCR typing of mycorrhizas indicated that trees inoculated with L. bicolor S238N remained exclusively colonized by that isolate (or sexually derived isolates) for the entire test period. In contrast, control seedlings were infected by indigenous isolates of Laccaria laccata and Thelephora terrestris. The molecular evidence for the persistence of the introduced mycobiont despite the competition from indigenous isolates of the same species provides further illustration of the potential of exotic species for large-scale microbial application.     

Changes in the levels of free IAA and cytokinins in potato tubers during dormancy and sprouting

Changes in the levels of free indol-3-ylacetic acid (IAA) and free cytokinins were determined in the course of dormancy and sprouting period in potato tubers(Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Nevskii) stored at 4 °C. The same analyses were performed in potato tubers after Ethrel application, which prolongs dormancy. No significant changes were found in free IAA level during dormancy followed by a rapid decrease during sprouting. After Ethrel application a significant lower IAA level was found 3 weeks after application, but further on no changes in free IAA level between treated and non-treated tubers were detected. Cytokinin level was relatively low and constant till sprouting and increases then by about 55 %, mainly due to an increase in the level of zeatin riboside and isopentenyladenosine. Ethrel application decreased cytokinin level during dormancy slightly, but postpones the increase coupled with sprouting by about 1 month. Thus, IAA does not seem to have a significant effect on tuber dormancy, while cytokinins are probably necessary for sprouting initiation.     

Winter Ciliates in a British Columbian Fjord: Six New Species and an Analysis of Ciliate Putative Prey

ABSTRACT. This work provides the first study of North Pacific planktonic ciliates by quantitative protargol staining. Triplicate water bottle samples were collected at a depth of 2 m (above the shallow pycnocline) at six stations in Indian Arm, British Columbia, on February 15, 1990, and February 26, 1991. Thirty-six ciliate species were observed. Six new species are described from protargolstained specimens: Strombidium lynni n. sp., Strombidium taylori n. sp., Strombidium basimorphum n. sp., Slrombidiurn ventropinnum n. sp., Strobilidium undinum n. sp., and Urotricha cyrtonucleata n. sp.
Ciliate abundance varied significantly (ANOVA, α= 0.05) between sampling sites, ranging from 550 to 6,800 cells/liter in 1990 and from 1,800 to 7,900 cells/liter in 1991. Biomass also varied significantly (ANOVA, α= 0.05) ranging from 3.7 × 10⁵ to 3.3 × 10⁶ pg carbon/liter in 1990 and 3.04 × 10⁶− 6.97 × 10⁶ pg carbon/liter in 1991. Putative prey were enumerated in three size fractions (1.5–5 μm, 5–10 μm and 10–25 μm). The source of variation in ciliate abundance and biomass was not identified. Parameters of salinity, temperature, putative prey, chlorophyll a and pycnocline depth did not significantly correlate with ciliate biomass or abundance (α= 0.05).