Birds and Kastom Banyans of South Pentecost: Kastom in AntiColonial Struggle

In the traditionalist villages of south Pentecost, kastom has long been a bulwark against European influences, both Christian and secular. However, their retention of the famous gol land dive ritual has brought the south Pentecost people under pressure from tourism, whose great allure masks the risks of a rise of kastom as commodity, packaged for sale, and of the erosion of kasfom's centrality as living practice. Pressures to conform to a pure kastom (i.e. unadulterated by any non-indigenous elements) distort the realities of a dynamic kastom that has long incorporated useful elements of alien material culture into everyday living.     

Charge balance and acidity regulation during growth of sugar-cane cell suspensions

Abstract. An analysis of nutrient uptake by batch cultures of sugar-cane cells was performed to gain information about the ionic balance during uptake of charged metabolites. Whereas younger cultures (up to 1 week old) have to compensate excess cation influx with proton efflux, older cultures show balanced cation–anion uptake.
Younger cells produce a small amount of carboxylic acids to furnish protons for charge compensation at the cytoplasmic membrane. Older cells synthesize organic acids more abundantly to generate protons necessary for the proton demand of nitrate and sulphate assimilation. Despite these assimilation reactions only a small percentage of carbon, which is taken up mainly as hexose, needs to be oxidized to carboxylic acids for that purpose. In contrast, younger cultures preferentially use the amino acids of the medium instead of assimilating nitrate. The use of amino acids as a nitrogen source does not require a significant part of metabolism for biochemical pH-stability, whereas an efficient proton circulation on the cytoplasmic membrane seems to be of major importance.
A balance study of the main metabolized elements, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur was performed to get a quantitative impression of the fate of these nutrients during growth of cell cultures.     

Ichthyophthirius (Ciliophora): Population Studies Suggest Reproduction in Host Epithelium1

Evidence that Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts may reproduce within the epithelium of the host was obtained from experimental infections of channel catfish. Mean number of parasites spontaneously leaving the fish increased from 0 on day 3 postexposure (PE) to 66.5 per fish on day 7 PE. Mean population density in fin, however, increased five-fold from day 3 to day 5 PE in the absence of opportunity for reinfection. At day 3 PE, 100% of parasite loci in fin and gill arches contained solitary trophonts. At day 4 PE, 10% of loci in fin contained clusters of two trophonts; at day 7 PE, 69% contained clusters of two or more trophonts. The first clusters of four trophonts in fin were observed day 5 PE and of eight trophonts, day 8 PE. Trophonts in clusters were flattened against one another.     

Nucleic Acid Metabolism During Early Development of Pollinated and Auxin-induced Parthenocarpic Watermelon Fruits

Following pollination or induction of parthenocarpy by NAA¹treatment watermelon ovaries synthesize large quantities ofRNA. Hormone-treated ovaries increase their rate of RNA synthesisover untreated controls by 6 h after treatment whereas pollinatedovaries do so by 24 h. The lag period with pollinated ovarieshas been related to the growth of pollen tubes toward the ovulesand it is suggested that auxin secretion by the growing pollentubes may be the stimulus for increased RNA synthesis. Evidenceis presented that the cells in the flesh of developing ovariesbecome polyploid as they enlarge.     

Crinoids, hardgrounds, and community succession: The Silurian Laurel—Waldron contact in southern Indiana

Halleck, Margaret S.: Crinoids, hardgrounds, and community succession: The Silurian Laurel-Waldron contact in southern Indiana.
The uppermost surface of the Silurian Laurel Limestone at its contact with the Waldron Shale in southeastern Indiana was a hardground lithified prior to the deposition of the Waldron. Evidence for this conclusion is the presence of attached palmate crinoid roots, auloporid corals, and craniid brachiopods on the Laurel surface; the irregularity of the contact with the Waldron; and a pyritic veneer at this contact. The hardground apparently had a submarine origin. In addition to the attached epifauna mentioned above, algal-sediment 'clods' formed on this surface. Some of these accumulated around the crinoid stems, causing them to produce cirral extensions. The resulting community was a crinoid 'meadow' with algal growths forming sediment traps around and between the crinoids. Later stages of Waldron Shale deposition led to the development of a soft-bottom community.