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81.
Almost all real-life decisions entail attribute conflict; every serious choice alternative is better than its competitors on some attribute dimensions but worse on others. In pre-decisional “coherence shifting,” the decision maker gradually softens that conflict psychologically to the point where one alternative is seen as dominant over its competitors, or nearly so. Specifically, weaknesses of the eventually chosen alternative come to be perceived as less severe and less important while its strengths seem more desirable and significant. The research described here demonstrates that difficult multiattribute decision problems are aversive and that pre-decisional coherence shifting aids individuals in regulating that emotional discomfort. Across three studies, attribute conflict was confirmed to be aversive (Study 1), and skin conductance responses and ratings of decision difficulty both decreased in participants who coherence shifted (Study 2). Coherence shifting was also diminished among decision makers who were depleted of regulatory resources, known to be required for common emotion regulation mechanisms. Further, coherence shifting was shown to be relatively common among people who reported strong suppression tendencies in everyday emotion regulation (Study 3). Overall, the data suggest that, at least in part, coherence shifting serves as a tool that helps decision makers manage the pre-decisional discomfort generated by attribute conflict. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
82.
Gerald Sendlhofer David Benjamin Lumenta Karina Leitgeb Brigitte Kober Lydia Jantscher Monika Schanbacher Andrea Berghold Gudrun Pregartner Gernot Brunner Christa Tax Lars Peter Kamolz 《PloS one》2016,11(2)
Background
“The Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) is important, but we don’t use it adequately” is a well-suited statement that reflects the SSC''s application in hospitals. Our aim was to follow up on our initial study on compliance (2014) by analysing differences between individual perception and compliance with the SSC.Methods
We conducted a follow-up online survey to assess healthcare professionals’ individual perception of, as well as satisfaction and compliance with the SSC three years following its thorough implementation.Results
171 (19.5%) of 875 operating team members completed the online survey. 99.4% confirmed using the SSC. Self-estimated subjective knowledge about the intention of the checklist was high, whereas objective knowledge was moderate, but improved as compared to 2014. According to an independent audit the SSC was used in 93.1% of all operations and among the SSCs used the completion rate was 57.2%. The use of the SSC was rated as rather easy [median (IQR): 7 (6–7)], familiar [7 (6–7)], generally important [7 (7–7)], and good for patients [7 (6–7)] as well as for employees [7 (7–7)]. Only comfort of use was rated lower [6 (5–7)].Conclusion
There is a gap between individual perception and actual application of the SSC. Despite healthcare professionals confirming the importance of the SSC, compliance was moderate. The introduction of SSCs in the health care sector remains a constant challenge and requires continuous re-evaluation as well as a sensible integration into existing workflows in hospitals. 相似文献83.
Development and validation of a new dynamic computer‐controlled model of the human stomach and small intestine 下载免费PDF全文
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86.
Reconstructing changes in the genotype,phenotype, and climatic niche of an introduced species 下载免费PDF全文
Daniel Z. Atwater U. Uzay Sezen Valorie Goff Wenqian Kong Andrew H. Paterson Jacob N. Barney 《Ecography》2016,39(9):894-903
An introduced species must contend with enormous environmental variation in its introduced range. In this study, we use niche models and ordination analyses to reconstruct changes in genotype, phenotype, and climatic niche of Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense, which is regarded as one of the world's most threatening invasive plants. In the United States, Johnsongrass has rapidly evolved within‐ and among‐population genetic diversity; our results show that genetic differentiation in expanding Johnsongrass populations has resulted in phenotypic variation that is consistent with habitat and climatic variation encountered during its expansion. Moreover, Johnsongrass expanded from agricultural to non‐agricultural habitat, and now, despite occupying overlapping ranges, extant agricultural and non‐agricultural populations are genetically and phenotypically distinct and manifest different plastic responses when encountering environmental variation. Non‐agricultural accessions are broadly distributed in climatic and geographic space and their fitness traits demonstrate plastic responses to common garden conditions that are consistent with local specialization. In contrast, agricultural accessions demonstrate ‘general purpose’ plastic responses and have more restricted climatic niches and geographic distributions. They also grow much larger than non‐agricultural accessions. If these differences are adaptive, our results suggest that adaptation to local habitat variation plays a crucial role in the ecology of this invader. Further, its success relates to its ability to succeed on dual fronts, by responding simultaneously to habitat and climate variability and by capitalizing on differential responses to these factors during its range expansion. 相似文献
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88.
Lydia N. Raines Matthew M. Hsieh Tina Nassehi Claire M. Drysdale John F. Tisdale Naoya Uchida 《Cytotherapy》2019,21(12):1206-1215
Background aimsAllogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is curative for sickle cell disease, and the use of matched related donors, non-myeloablative conditioning and sirolimus immunosuppression results in stable mixed chimerism without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, the time to terminate sirolimus while maintaining mixed chimerism is unclear.MethodsIn this study, we developed a two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) to evaluate ex vivo immunoreaction in mixed chimeric patients.ResultsIn co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from two healthy controls (without irradiation), we detected proliferation at various ratios of PBMC mixtures (1:9 to 9:1) as well as various concentrations of sirolimus, suggesting that two-way MLR is applicable to patients (having >10% chimerism) undergoing sirolimus treatment. In two-way MLR using PBMCs (including donor and recipient cells) from mixed chimeric patients (n = 28), greater ex vivo proliferation was observed <6 months compared with >6 months post-transplant and healthy control PBMC monoculture. Robust ex vivo proliferation was observed in a patient with acute GVHD, and persistent ex vivo proliferation (until 2 years) was observed in a patient with decreasing donor chimerism.ConclusionsIn summary, we demonstrated that in two-way MLR, ex vivo immunoreaction decreases to low levels ~6 months post-transplant. These findings suggest a rationale to continue immunosuppression for 6 months. 相似文献
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90.
Diane C. Saunders Marcela Brissova Neil Phillips Shristi Shrestha John T. Walker Radhika Aramandla Greg Poffenberger David K. Flaherty Kevin P. Weller Julie Pelletier Tracy Cooper Matt T. Goff John Virostko Alena Shostak E. Danielle Dean Dale L. Greiner Leonard D. Shultz Nripesh Prasad Alvin C. Powers 《Cell metabolism》2019,29(3):745-754.e4