Vocal Signature in Wild Infant Chimpanzees

A large array of communication signals supports the fission/fusion social organization in chimpanzees, and among them the acoustic channel plays a large part because of their forest habitat. Adult vocalizations convey social and ecological information to their recipients allowing them to obtain cues about an ongoing event from calls only. In contrast to adult vocalizations, information encoded in infant calls had been hardly investigated. Studies mainly focused on vocal development. The present article aims at assessing the acoustic cues that support individual identity coding in infant chimpanzees. By analyzing recordings performed in the wild from seven 3‐year‐old infant chimpanzees, we showed that their calls support a well‐defined individual vocal signature relying on spectral cues. To assess the reliability of the signature across the calls of an individual, we defined two subsets of recordings on the basis of the characteristics of the frequency modulation (whimpers and screams) and showed that both call types present a reliable vocal signature. Early vocal signature may allow the mother and other individuals in the group to identify the infant caller when visual contact is broken. Chimpanzee mothers may have developed abilities to cope with changing vocal signatures while their infant, still vulnerable, gains in independence in close habitat. Am. J. Primatol. 75:324‐332, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A first-takes-all model of centriole copy number control based on cartwheel elongation

How cells control the numbers of subcellular components is a fundamental question in biology. Given that biosynthetic processes are fundamentally stochastic it is utterly puzzling that some structures display no copy number variation within a cell population. Centriole biogenesis, with each centriole being duplicated once and only once per cell cycle, stands out due to its remarkable fidelity. This is a highly controlled process, which depends on low-abundance rate-limiting factors. How can exactly one centriole copy be produced given the variation in the concentration of these key factors? Hitherto, tentative explanations of this control evoked lateral inhibition- or phase separation-like mechanisms emerging from the dynamics of these rate-limiting factors but how strict centriole number is regulated remains unsolved. Here, a novel solution to centriole copy number control is proposed based on the assembly of a centriolar scaffold, the cartwheel. We assume that cartwheel building blocks accumulate around the mother centriole at supercritical concentrations, sufficient to assemble one or more cartwheels. Our key postulate is that once the first cartwheel is formed it continues to elongate by stacking the intermediate building blocks that would otherwise form supernumerary cartwheels. Using stochastic models and simulations, we show that this mechanism may ensure formation of one and only one cartwheel robustly over a wide range of parameter values. By comparison to alternative models, we conclude that the distinctive signatures of this novel mechanism are an increasing assembly time with cartwheel numbers and the translation of stochasticity in building block concentrations into variation in cartwheel numbers or length.     

Patterns of selection against centrosome amplification in human cell lines

The presence of extra centrioles, termed centrosome amplification, is a hallmark of cancer. The distribution of centriole numbers within a cancer cell population appears to be at an equilibrium maintained by centriole overproduction and selection, reminiscent of mutation-selection balance. It is unknown to date if the interaction between centriole overproduction and selection can quantitatively explain the intra- and inter-population heterogeneity in centriole numbers. Here, we define mutation-selection-like models and employ a model selection approach to infer patterns of centriole overproduction and selection in a diverse panel of human cell lines. Surprisingly, we infer strong and uniform selection against any number of extra centrioles in most cell lines. Finally we assess the accuracy and precision of our inference method and find that it increases non-linearly as a function of the number of sampled cells. We discuss the biological implications of our results and how our methodology can inform future experiments.     

Temporal and tissue localization of a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cystatin

A cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L. Walpers cv. Pitiúba) cystatin was analysed to determine its localization during development and germination of cowpea seeds, using western blotting with a specific antiserum. The pattern of immunoreactive proteins changed during development, with the major reactive bands present in dried seeds being mobilized after a 62-h period of imbibition. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that cowpea cystatin is distributed in both embryonic axes and cotyledons with the highest level being present in the outer cell walls of the adaxial surface of the cotyledons.     

Micropropagation and in vitro production of secondary metabolites of Croton floribundus Spreng.

Croton floribundus Spreng., a native plant from South America, was utilized for in vitro micropropagation and phytochemical analyses. The effects of the addition of naphthaleneacetic acid and indole butyric acid, on the production of shoots and leaves, as well as volatile constituent production, were determined. The combination of naphthaleneacetic acid and indole butyric acid at a ratio of 1:1 led to the production of the maximum number of leaves and longest shoots after a 60-d subculture period. Analyses of leaf dichloromethane extracts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the main chemical classes present in both in vivo and in vitro conditions. Use of these plant growth regulators in the medium-induced quantitative changes in the major monoterpenes (neral, geranial, limonene, and carvone). In vitro leaf extracts produced compounds such as carvone as well as a large amount of trans-β-farnesene, with the highest production of carvone (16.8%) being produced on medium supplemented with 1.0 mg?L^?1 naphthaleneacetic acid. These results suggested the occurrence of biotransformation reactions of limonene and farnesyl cations in culture.