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51.
Gregory B. Noe Meghan Q.N. Fellows Lorraine Parsons Janelle West John Callaway Sally Trnka Mark Wegener Joy Zedler 《Restoration Ecology》2019,27(4):750-757
In theory, extirpated plant species can be reintroduced and managed to restore sustainable populations. However, few reintroduced plants are known to persist for more than a few years. Our adaptive‐management case study illustrates how we restored the endangered hemiparasitic annual plant, Chloropyron maritimum subsp. maritimum (salt marsh bird's beak), to Sweetwater Marsh, San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California, United States, and used monitoring and experimentation to identify the factors limiting the reintroduced population. After extirpation in 1988, reintroduction starting that year led to a resilient, genetically diverse population in 2016 (a “boom” of approximately 14,000) that rebounded from a “bust” (62 in 2014). Multiple regressions attributed 82% of the variation in population counts to tidal amplitude, rainfall, and temperature. Populations of salt marsh bird's beak crashed when the diurnal tide range peaked during the 18.6‐year lunar nodal cycle (a rarely considered factor that periodically added approximately 12 cm to tidal ranges). We explain booms as follows: During smaller tidal amplitudes, above‐average rainfall could desalinize upper intertidal soils and stimulate salt marsh bird's beak germination. Then, moderate temperature in May favors growth to reproduction in June. In addition, salt marsh bird's beak needs a short and open canopy of native perennial plants, with roots to parasitize (not non‐native annual grass pseudohosts) and nearby upland soil for a preferred pollinator, ground‐burrowing bees. Although our reintroduced salt marsh bird's beak population is an exceptional case of persistence, this rare species‐specific environmental and biological requirement makes it vulnerable to rising sea levels and global warming. 相似文献
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Various approaches have been developed to define conservation units for plant and animal species. In this study we combined
nuclear microsatellites (from a previous published study) and chloroplast microsatellites (assessed in the present study),
leaf and seed morphology traits and abiotic variables (climate and soil) to define evolutionary significant units (ESU) of
Santalum austrocaledonicum, a tree species growing in New Caledonia. Results for chloroplast microsatellites showed that the total population heterozygosity
was␣high, (H
cp = 0.84) but varied between islands. Differentiation was strong in the total population (F
stcp = 0.66) but also within the main island Grande Terre (F
stcp = 0.73) and within Iles Loyauté (F
stcp = 0.52), highlighting a limited gene flow between populations. These results confirmed those obtained with nuclear microsatellites.
The cluster analysis on molecular markers discriminated two main groups constituted by the populations of Grande Terre and
the populations of Iles Loyauté. A principal component analysis of leaf and seed morphology traits singled out the populations
of Iles Loyauté and the western populations of Grande Terre. Quantitative genetic analyses showed that the variation between
populations was under genetic control (broad sense heritability close to 80%). A high correlation between rainfall and morphological
traits suggested an impact of climate on this variation. The integration of these results allows to define two ESUs, one corresponding
to Grande Terre and Ile des Pins and the other the Iles Loyauté archipelago. This study stresses the need to restore some
populations of Grande Terre that are currently threatened by their small size. 相似文献
55.
Vinaya Kumar Golla Eulàlia Sans-Serramitjana Karunakar Reddy Pothula Lorraine Benier Jayesh Arun Bafna Mathias Winterhalter Ulrich Kleinekathöfer 《Biophysical journal》2019,116(2):258-269
Fosfomycin is a frequently prescribed drug in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections. It enters the bacterial cytoplasm and inhibits the biosynthesis of peptidoglycans by targeting the MurA enzyme. Despite extensive pharmacological studies and clinical use, the permeability of fosfomycin across the bacterial outer membrane is largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the fosfomycin permeability across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria by electrophysiology experiments as well as by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations including free-energy and applied-field techniques. Notably, in an electrophysiological zero-current assay as well as in the molecular simulations, we found that fosfomycin can rapidly permeate the abundant Escherichia coli porin OmpF. Furthermore, two triple mutants in the constriction region of the porin have been investigated. The permeation rates through these mutants are slightly lower than that of the wild type but fosfomycin can still permeate. Altogether, this work unravels molecular details of fosfomycin permeation through the outer membrane porin OmpF of E. coli and moreover provides hints for understanding the translocation of phosphonic acid antibiotics through other outer membrane pores. 相似文献
56.
The effect of exposure to, followed by consumption of, 10% flax chow from the 18th day of gestation to the 86th day after birth was examined in male and female Fischer 344 rats. Growth curves of the flax chow-fed rats were identical to those of regular chow-fed rats, as were such developmental milestones as pinna development, growth of hair and eye opening. Acoustical startle and the righting reflexes, developmental behavioural indices, were also the same. Blood glucose levels were comparable in flax chow-fed and regular chow-fed rats at all stages of development, indicating that flax is without effect on glucose balance. There were no signs of toxicity in the flax chow-fed rats since their plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gammaGT) were the same as those of regular chow-fed rats. The activity of gammaGT displayed an increase in the livers of flax chow-fed rats after puberty, more so in the male-four-fold-than in the female-1.38-fold. This is suggestive of an estrogenic effect which implicates an effect of an estrogenic flax lignan. An hepatobeneficial effect of the flax-induced increase in liver gammaGT is discussed. In summary, dietary 10% flax chow is without long-term effect on growth, development and behaviour, is non-toxic and may be hepatoprotective. 相似文献
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A new cotton variant with reduced levels of terpenoid aldehydes (sesquiterpenoids and sesterterpenoids (heliocides)) was isolated from the progeny of hemizygous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Coker 312) transformed with antisense (+)-delta-cadinene synthase cDNA. Southern analysis of leaf DNA digested with HindIII, Pst or KpnI restriction endonucleases did not detect any antisense cdn1-C1 DNA in the genome of the variant. The gossypol content in the seed of the variant was markedly lower than in the seed of T1 antisense plants. Eighty-nine percent of the variant seed had a 71.1% reduction in gossypol and the foliage of the variant plants showed a 70% reduction in gossypol and a 31% reduction in heliocides. Compared to non-transformed plants there was no reduction in the number of lysigenous glands in the seed of the variant. The cotton variant shows uncoupling of terpenoid aldehyde synthesis and gland formation. The cotton variant may have resulted from somaclonal variation occurring in the callus tissue during the transformation-regeneration process. 相似文献
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Christine?A?WhiteEmail author Lorraine?Robb Lois?A?Salamonsen 《Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E》2004,2(1):76