Profiling Murine Tau with 0N, 1N and 2N Isoform-Specific Antibodies in Brain and Peripheral Organs Reveals Distinct Subcellular Localization,with the 1N Isoform Being Enriched in the Nucleus

In the adult murine brain, the microtubule-associated protein tau exists as three major isoforms, which have four microtubule-binding repeats (4R), with either no (0N), one (1N) or two (2N) amino-terminal inserts. The human brain expresses three additional isoforms with three microtubule-binding repeats (3R) each. However, little is known about the role of the amino-terminal inserts and how the 0N, 1N and 2N tau species differ. In order to investigate this, we generated a series of isoform-specific antibodies and performed a profiling by Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses using wild-type mice in three age groups: two months, two weeks and postnatal day 0 (P0). This revealed that the brain is the only organ to express tau at significant levels, with 0N4R being the predominant isoform in the two month-old adult. Subcellular fractionation of the brain showed that the 1N isoform is over-represented in the soluble nuclear fraction. This is in agreement with the immunohistochemical analysis as the 1N isoform strongly localizes to the neuronal nucleus, although it is also found in cell bodies and dendrites, but not axons. The 0N isoform is mainly found in cell bodies and axons, whereas nuclei and dendrites are only slightly stained with the 0N antibody. The 2N isoform is highly expressed in axons and in cell bodies, with a detectable expression in dendrites and a very slight expression in nuclei. The 2N isoform that was undetectable at P0, in adult brain was mainly found localized to cell bodies and dendrites. Together these findings reveal significant differences between the three murine tau isoforms that are likely to reflect different neuronal functions.     

Balancing crosstalk between 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced autophagy and caspase activity in the fat body during Drosophila larval-prepupal transition

In the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, autophagy and caspase activity function in parallel in the salivary gland during metamorphosis and in a common regulatory hierarchy during oogenesis. Both autophagy and caspase activity progressively increase in the remodeling fat body, and they are induced by a pulse of the molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E) during the larval-prepupal transition. Inhibition of autophagy and/or caspase activity in the remodeling fat body results in 25–40% pupal lethality, depending on the genotypes. Interestingly, a balancing crosstalk occurs between autophagy and caspase activity in this tissue: the inhibition of autophagy induces caspase activity and the inhibition of caspases induces autophagy. The Drosophila remodeling fat body provides an in vivo model for understanding the molecular mechanism of the balancing crosstalk between autophagy and caspase activity, which oppose with each other and are induced by the common stimulus 20E, and blockage of either path reinforces the other path.     

Mitogenomes provide new insights into the evolutionary history of Prodiamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Evolutionary analysis of Prodiamesinae has long been impeded by lack of information, and its phylogenetic relationship with Orthocladiinae remains questionable. Here, ten complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Orthocladiinae sensu lato were newly sequenced, including three Prodiamesinae species and seven Orthocladiinae species. Coupled with published mitogenomes, a total of 12 mitogenomes of Orthocladiinae sensu lato were selected for a comparative mitogenomic analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction. Mitogenomes of Orthocladiinae sensu lato are conserved in structure, and all genes arrange the same gene order as the ancestral insect mitogenome. Nucleotide composition is highly biased, and the control region displayed the highest A + T content. All protein-coding genes are under purifying selection, and the ATP8 evolves at the fastest rate. In addition, the mitogenomes of Orthocladiinae sensu lato are highly conserved, and they are practically useful for phylogenetic inference, suggesting a re-classification of Orthocladiinae by sinking Prodiamesinae as a subgroup of Orthocladiinae.     

Genome Sequence of the Aerobic Bacterium Bacillus sp. Strain FJAT-13831

Bacillus sp. strain FJAT-13831 was isolated from the no. 1 pit soil of Emperor Qin''s Terracotta Warriors in Xi''an City, People''s Republic of China. The isolate showed a close relationship to the Bacillus cereus group. The draft genome sequence of Bacillus sp. FJAT-13831 was 4,425,198 bp in size and consisted of 5,567 genes (protein-coding sequences [CDS]) with an average length of 782 bp and a G+C value of 36.36%.     

Synthesis,Biological Evaluation,and Docking Study of Ring-Opening Amide Analogs of Matrine as Antitumor Agents

In this article, we designed and synthesized two series of matrine analogs with ring-opening in the lactam portion of the molecule. Our in vitro cytotoxicity study showed that analog N-(3-bromophenyl)-4-[(1R,3aS,10aR,10bS)-decahydro-1H,4H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij][1,6]naphthyridin-1-yl]butanamide ( B11 ) with a meta-bromide on the phenyl ring displayed the best antiproliferative activity. Moreover, B11 induced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in A549 cells. Molecular modeling revealed that B11 achieved a higher docking score compared to its precursor tert-butyl (1R,3aS,10aR,10bS)-1-[4-(3-bromoanilino)-4-oxobutyl]octahydro-1H,4H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij][1,6]naphthyridine-2(3H)-carboxylate ( A11 , an analog of B11 with a Boc group) and parent compound matrine, possibly because B11 formed a hydrogen bond with SER91 and a halogen bond with GLN320 on the binding site of annexin A2. Overall, we discovered the potential anticancer lead compound B11 , which can be used for further study both in vitro and in vivo.     

Inducible nuclear expression of NF-kappa B in primary B cells stimulated through the surface Ig receptor

Constitutive expression of NF-kappa B has been associated with developmental maturity in B cells on the basis of studies using continuously growing cell lines and plasmacytomas; however, little is known about the behavior of NF-kappa B in primary, mature B cells. In the present work, the regulation of NF-kappa B expression was studied by analyzing subcellular fractions of adult murine splenic B cells with the electrophoretic mobility shift assay using a kappa B-containing oligonucleotide. Although nuclear extracts from resting B cells contained kappa B-binding activity, additional kappa B-binding activity was present in cytosolic fractions in a form that became apparent after treatment with detergent. Competition analysis indicated that the DNA binding activity detected by electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay was specific for the kappa B motif, and UV photo-cross-linking showed the molecular size of kappa B-binding protein to be similar to that of the DNA binding subunit of NF-kappa B. Nuclear expression of kappa B-binding activity was markedly induced by treatment of B cells with phorbol ester or with LPS. Most notably, kappa B-binding activity was induced after surface IgR cross-linking, and the mechanism of this induction involved PKC. Further, anti-Ig-induced activity was superinduced in the presence of cycloheximide. These results indicate that nuclear NF-kappa B is rapidly induced as a result of B cell stimulation, and further suggest that NF-kappa B may play a specific role in mature B cells after ligand binding to surface Ig distinct from its postulated developmental role as a stage-specific factor involved in kappa-enhancer function.