Effects of kinetin,paclobutrazol and their interactions on the microtuberization of potato stem segments cultured in vitro in the light

Single-nodal cuttings of Solanum tuberosum (four cultivars) and Solanum chacoense were induced to produce in vitro microtubers on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 8 g l^–1 sucrose and various concentrations of kinetin and paclobutrazol. The cultures were kept 10 days in darkness and then transferred to a 14 h daylength with 100 µE m^–2 sec^–1 light intensity at 21 °C. Kinetin (2.5 mg l^–1) had no significant influence on tuber formation. However, its addition together with paclobutrazol (0.001 mg l^–1) significantly enhanced tuberization. Paclobutrazol alone stimulated early tuber initiation and inhibited stem growth. Despite some genotype × treatment interactions, all genotypes (from very early to late and wild type) formed the maximum proportion of explants bearing microtubers on the media containing both plant growth regulators.     

Some floristic and ecological characteristics of association Bromo-Plantaginetum mediae Ht. (31)49 on permanent plot No. 82 (National Park Plitvice Lakes — Croatia)

Plot 82 is one of a hundred permanent plots that have been set up in Croatia for the purpose of long-term and continual investigations of ecosystems and their successions. It is located in the area of Karleuine Plase within the Plitvice Lakes National Park. Vegetation on the plot belongs to association Bromo-Plantaginetum mediae. The association develops in mountainous regions of continental Croatia within a wide altitude range, from 180–1300 m a.s.l. on shallow soil over pervious carbonate rocks. The floristic composition and phytocoenological characteristics of the association have been analyzed using the common methods of the phytocoenological school Zürich-Montpellier, on the basis of 17 phytocoenological records. In addition to floristic composition, some site characteristics have been analysed: soil moisture, calcium carbonate, phosphates, pH value, humus, cation exchange capacity and nitrogen mineralization on the site and in the laboratory. The results obtained are comparable with the data presented in the available phytocoenological and ecological literature.     

Prosaposin deficiency: further characterization of the sphingolipid activator protein-deficient sibs

Sphingolipid activator protein (SAP) deficiency, previously described in two sibs and shown to be caused by the absence of the common saposin precursor (prosaposin), was further characterized by biochemical lipid and enzyme studies and by ultrastructural analysis. The 20 week old fetal sib had increased concentrations of neutral glycolipids, including mono-, di-, tri- and tetrahexosylceramide, in liver, kidney and cultured skin fibroblasts compared with the controls. Glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide were particularly elevated. The kidney of the affected fetus showed additional increases in the concentration of sulphatide, galactosylceramide and digalactosylceramide. Free ceramide was stored in the liver and kidney, and G_M3 and G_M2 gangliosides were elevated in the liver, but not the brain, of the fetus. Phospholipids, however, were normal in the affected fetus. In the liver biopsy of the propositus, who later died at 16 weeks of age, only a few lipids could be studied. Glucosylceramide, dihexosylceramide and ceramide were elevated in agreement with our previous study. Enzyme studies were undertaken using detergent free liposomal substrate preparations and fibroblast extracts. The sibs' -glucocerebrosidase and -galactocerebrosidase activities were clearly reduced, but their sphingomyelinase activities were normal. The normal activity of the latter enzyme and the almost normal tissue concentration of sphingomyelin in prosaposin deficiency suggest that the prosaposin derived SAPs are not required for sphingomyelinase activity in vivo. In keeping with the biochemical findings, skin biopsies from the sibs showed massive lysosomal storage with a vesicular and membranous ultrastructure. The function of SAPs in sphingolipid degradation and the role of SAPs for enzyme activity in vitro are discussed. In addition, the similarity in neutral glycolipid accumulations in Niemann Pick disease type C and in prosaposin deficiency are noted. The phenotype of the prosaposin deficient sibs resembled acute neuronopathic (type 2) Gaucher disease more than Farber disease in several aspects, but their genotype was unique.This paper is dedicated to Prof. Jürgen Pfeiffer on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Ontogenetic change in effectiveness of chemical defence against different predators in Oxycarenus true bugs

Many prey species change their antipredator defence during ontogeny, which may be connected to different potential predators over the life cycle of the prey. To test this hypothesis, we compared reactions of two predator taxa – spiders and birds – to larvae and adults of two invasive true bug species, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis and Oxycarenus lavaterae (Heteroptera: Oxycarenidae) with life-stage-specific chemical defence mechanisms. The reactions to larvae and adults of both true bug species strikingly differed between the two predator taxa. The spiders were deterred by the defences of adult bugs, but the larval defences were ineffective against them. By contrast, birds attacked the larvae considerably less often than the adult bugs. The results indicate a predator-specific ontogenetic change in defence effectiveness of both Oxycarenus species. The change in defence is likely linked to the life-stage-specific composition of secretions in both species: whereas secretions of larvae are dominated by unsaturated aldehydes, secretions of adults are rich in terpenoids, which probably serve dual function of defensive chemicals and pheromones. Our results highlight the variation in defence between different life stages and the importance of testing responses of different types of predators.     

3D 13C/1H NMR-based assignments for side-chain resonances of Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase. Evidence for similarities between the solution and crystal structures of the enzyme

Summary ¹³C-based three-dimensional ¹H–¹H correlation experiments have been used to determine essentially complete ¹³C and ¹H resonance assignments for the amino acid side chains of uniformly ¹³C/¹⁵N labelled L. casei dihydrofolate reductase in a complex with the drug methotrexate. Excellent agreement is observed between these assignments and an earlier set of partial assignments made on the basis of correlating nuclear Overhauser effect and crystal structure data, indicating that the tertiary structure of the enzyme is similar in solution and in the crystal state.To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

Karyological variation in the group ofMyosotis alpestris (boraginacea)

A total of 6 population samples ofMyosotis stenophylla Knaf, a rare species showing great ecological disjunction in its distribution, were examined to clarify the present status of its karyological variation. In order to elucidate relationships between lowland tetraploid populations ofM. stenophylla and diploid and tetraploid montane populations ofM. alpestris F.W. Schmidt, four population samples ofM. alpestris were also examined. The karyotypes of all populations ofM. alpestris s.l. studied were highly asymmetrical and heterogeneous, being composed of metacentric, submetacentric, subtelocentric and satellited acrocentric chromosomes. The karyotype formula for haploid chromosome set was established: n=x=12=6m+2sm+3st+1t^SAT. Multivariate analysis based on chromosome length and shape showed significant differences between diploid and tetraploid forms ofM. alpestris s.l. Four numerical parameters, used to characterize the karyotype ofM. stenophylla, revealed significant differences between populations on serpentine and on non-serpentine substrates. In addition, the noticeable affinity of the karyotype of non-serpentine populations to that ofM. alpestris tetraploids has been shown by means of discriminant analysis. These data suggest that the unique features of serpentine play an important role in the origin of karyotypic differentiation within populations ofM. stenophylla.     

Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration as parameters of Azotobacter chroococcum cultivation for use in biofertilizers

Summary Azotobacter chroococcum was grown in continuous culture at two temperatures (30 °C and 20 °C) and different dissolved oxygen tensions (DOT) (30 % to 40 % and 70 % to 80 % of air saturation), respectively. At the temperature of 30 °C and low DOT a relatively high volumetric productivity and efficiency of nitrogen fixation were obtained. After lowering the temperature to 20 °C, an intensive formation of cysts was observed associated with a drastic decrease of the bacterial growth. Bacteria in the form of cysts kept their physiological activity for a long period of time depending on temperature and preparation.     

Drug resistance inYarrowia lipolytica

Six strains ofYarrowia lipolytica tested here were resistant to 10–20 g erythromycin or chloramphenicol per L glycerol-agar medium. Cells tolerating 4 g chloramphenicol per L were very rare and reverted rapidly to the highest resistance. In analogy with Ery^R mutants ofKluyveromyces lactis, our strains did not grow at 36°C but did not lose their viability at that temperature. Two levels of resistance were found with oligomycin and antimycin A,i.e. 10 and 3 mg/L in the former and 10 and 2 mg/L in the latter. The higher resistance levels segregated mitotically and were, therefore, controlled extrachromosomally. The lower resistance levels showed very frequent changes from sensitivity to resistance that prevented the genetic analysis of this resistance. An almost continuous range of tolerance to <5–400 μg mucidin per L was found in populations of the strains analyzed. Newly formed Muc^R cells were established only in the presence of the antibiotic. Pure cultures of Muc^R cells showed an extremely high instability caused by their lower viability and very low growth rate in the absence of mucidin. No loss of resistance to antimycin A was found, although Ant^R cells revealed similar negative selection. Mutability Muc^S»Muc^R and Muc^R»Muc^S was higher in Ant^R cells than in Ant^S ones.