Chromosomal genes essential for stable maintenance of the mini-F plasmid in Escherichia coli

We have isolated mutants of Escherichia coli which do not support stable maintenance of mini-F plasmids (delta ccd rep+ sop+). These host mutations, named hop, were classified into five linkage groups on the E. coli chromosome. Genetic analyses of these hop mutations by Hfr mating and P1 transduction showed their loci on the E. coli genetic map to be as follows: hopA in the gyrB-tnaA region, hopB in the bglB-oriC region, hopD between 8 and 15 min, and hopE in the argA-thyA region. Kinetics of stability of the sop+ and delta sop mini-F plasmids in these hop mutants suggest that the hopA mutants are defective in partitioning of mini-F rather than in plasmid replication. The hopB, hopC, and hopD mutants were partially defective in replication of mini-F. The physical structure of the plasmid DNA was normal in hopA, B, C, and D mutants. Large amounts of linear multimers of plasmid DNA accumulated in mutants of the fifth linkage group (hopE). None of the hop mutations in any linkage group affected the normal growth of cells.     

Studies on the development of water maze-learning ability in rats (3). Effect of the learning schedule on learning acquisition

The effect of different learning schedules massed or distributed practice conditions (3 trials a day for 3 days), on water-filled multiple T-maze learning ability of 8-week-old SPF Wistar-Imamichi rats was investigated. Although the mean number of errors decreased day by day in both groups, the number of errors in a given day and the total number of errors in 3 days did not differ significantly between the two groups. A tendency toward a decrease in the number of errors was observed as the trials proceeded in the group with distributed practice but not in the group with massed practice. The result suggests that a certain time period for rest after each trial is necessary to acquire the memory.     

Compressibility-structure relationship of globular proteins

The adiabatic compressibility, -beta s, of 11 globular proteins in water was determined by means of sound velocity measurements at 25 degrees C. All the proteins studied except for subtilisin showed positive -beta s values, indicating the large internal compressibility of the protein molecules. The intrinsic compressibility of proteins free from the hydration effect appeared to be comparable to that of normal ice. The compressibility data for 25 proteins, including 14 reported previously [Gekko, K., & Noguchi, H. (1979) J. Phys. Chem. 83, 2706-2714], were statistically analyzed to examine the correlation of the compressibility with some structural parameters and the amino acid compositions of proteins. It was found that -beta s increases with increasing partial specific volume and hydrophobicity of proteins. The helix element also seemed to be a dynamic domain to increase -beta s. Four amino acid residues (Leu, Glu, Phe, and His) greatly increased -beta s, and another four (Asn, Gly, Ser, and Thr) decreased it. Some empirical equations were derived for the estimation of the -beta s values of unknown proteins on the basis of their amino acid compositions. The volume fluctuations of proteins revealed by the compressibility data were in the range of 30-200 mL/mol, which corresponded to about 0.3% of the total protein volume. The conformational fluctuation seemed to enhance the thermal stability of proteins.     

Interactions of functionalized polymeric liposomes having a porphinato-iron complex with some biological cells and components in vitro

The hemocompatibility of functionalized polymeric liposome particles (diameter: 20-32 nm), which have a synthetic porphinato-iron complex in their polymerized bilayers and can carry oxygen, was studied in vitro. The ultramicroparticles did not induce hemolysis, platelet aggregation and plasma coagulation directly and were stable against hydrolysis by phospholipases A2 and D.     

Synthesis of 2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-3-O-tetradecanoyl-2-[(3R)- and (3S)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanamido]-D-glucose: a diastereoisomeric pair of 4-O-phosphono-D-glucosamine derivatives (GLA-27) related to bacterial lipid A

The diastereoisomeric, 4-O-phosphono-D-glucosamine derivatives named in the title have been synthesized, starting from benzyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside and (3RS)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid.     

Secreted agglutinability-masking factors in Issatchenkia scutulata var. scutulata

The agglutinability-masking factors (AMFs) of a and mating types of Issatchenkia scutulata var. scutulata were prepared from culture fluids. AMFs masked the agglutinability of opposite mating-type cells sex-specifically, just like agglutination substances responsible for sexual cell agglutination. a AMF adsorbed to cells was eluted by incubating the cells at 60°C for 10 min. AMF was prepared directly from culture fluids of cells by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The active part of the AMFs is thought to be a peptidyl moiety because of the sensitivity to subtilisin. The pretreatment of cells with AMF of the opposite mating-type was shown to promote zygote formation. AMF slightly inhibited growth in a cells but not in cells, while a AMF did not show any growth-inhibitory effect on either a or x cells.     

Circulating factor with ouabain-like immunoreactivity in patients with primary aldosteronism

Circulating factor with ouabain-like immunoreactivity was studied in patients with primary aldosteronism. Anti-ouabain antibody was prepared from specific pathogen-free rabbits. In the plasma of patients with primary aldosteronism, the level of a factor with ouabain-like immunoreactivity was 2.59 +/- 1.39 pmol ouabain equivalent/ml plasma. This value was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than that of age-matched normotensive subjects, 1.06 +/- 0.86 pmol ouabain equivalent/ml plasma. The plasma level of ouabain-like immunoreactivity correlated significantly (p less than 0.05) with blood pressure. These results indicate that the factor with ouabain-like immunoreactivity may play a pathophysiological role in the maintenance of the high blood pressure observed in patients with primary aldosteronism.     

Phototropism in Hypocotyls of Radish : I. Isolation and Identification of Growth Inhibitors, cis- and trans-Raphanusanins and Raphanusamide, Involved in Phototropism of Radish Hypocotyls

Three growth inhibitors which might be involved in phototropism of Sakurajima radish (Raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. gigantissimus Makino) hypocotyls, were isolated as crystalline forms from light-exposed radish seedlings and identified as cis- and trans-raphanusanins and 6-methoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3-oxazepin-2-one (designated raphanusamide). The cis- and trans-raphanusanins inhibited growth of etiolated radish hypocotyls at concentrations higher than 1.5 micromolar, raphanusamide at concentrations higher than 20 micromolar.     

Proline accumulation and the adaptation of cultured plant cells to water stress

The transfer of cultured tomato cells (Lycopersicon esculentum cv VFNT-Cherry) to a low water potential environment resulted in an increased dry weight to fresh weight ratio accompanied by a rapid accumulation of proline. Proline content continued to increase as osmotic adjustment and growth occurred. The initial increase in proline concentration was accompanied by a drop in turgor. However, proline levels continued to increase with a gain in turgor during osmotic adjustment. Thus, the accumulation of proline depended not only on cell water potential, or on the initial loss of turgor but more closely on cell osmotic potential. The ultimate level of proline depended on the level of adaptation. Proline levels remained high after more than 100 cell generations in low water potential media, but declined rapidly after transfer to media with a less negative water potential. Addition of exogenous proline to the medium during water stress and during osmotic downshock alleviated the normally resulting inhibition of growth. The results suggest a positive role for proline accumulation in adaptation of cells to changing external water potentials.     

Differentiation of oocyte- and somatic-type 5S rRNAs in animals

In some amphibians and bony fishes, oocyte- and somatic-type 5S rRNA genes are expressed differently in oocytes and somatic cells. In order to determine at what stage of animal evolution this differential expression system appeared and how it is regulated, the sequences of oocyte and somatic 5S rRNAs from three invertebrates (sea urchin, sea hare, and silkworm) and two vertebrates (lamprey and chick) were analyzed. It was found that the oocyte 5S rRNA from lamprey consists of two components, while its somatic 5S rRNA consists of only one. In other animals, such differential expression of 5S rRNA in oocytes and somatic cells was not seen. A phylogenetic tree of 63 animal 5S rRNAs was constructed by means of the parsimony method, and the evolution of oocyte and somatic-type 5S rRNAs was discussed.