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441.
442.
Alexander O. Shpakov Oksana V. Chistyakova Kira V. Derkach Irina V. Moyseyuk Vera M. Bondareva 《Central European Journal of Biology》2012,7(1):33-47
The changes in hormone-regulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) signaling system implicated in control of the nervous, cardiovascular
and reproductive systems may contribute to complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). We investigated the functional state of
AC system in the brain, myocardium, ovary and uterus of rats with neonatal DM and examined the influence of intranasally administered
insulin on the sensitivity of this system to biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones. The regulatory effects of somatostatin
and 5-HT1BR-agonist 5-nonyloxytryptamine acting via Gi protein-coupled receptors were significantly decreased in DM and partially restored in insulin-treated rats. The effects
of hormones, activators of AC, are changed in tissue- and receptorspecific manner, and intranasal insulin restored the effects
rather close to the level in control. In insulin-treated non-diabetic rats, AC stimulating effects of isoproterenol and relaxin
in the myocardium and of human chorionic gonadotropin in the ovaries were decreased, while the effects of hormones, inhibitors
of AC, were increased. These data indicate that with intranasal insulin, Gi protein-mediated signaling pathways continue to
gain strength. The obtained data on the influence of hormones on AC system in the brain, myocardium, ovary and uterus allow
looking anew into the mechanisms of therapeutic effects of intranasal insulin. 相似文献
443.
Background
In eukaryotes, RNA interference (RNAi) is a major mechanism of defense against viruses and transposable elements as well of regulating translation of endogenous mRNAs. The RNAi systems recognize the target RNA molecules via small guide RNAs that are completely or partially complementary to a region of the target. Key components of the RNAi systems are proteins of the Argonaute-PIWI family some of which function as slicers, the nucleases that cleave the target RNA that is base-paired to a guide RNA. Numerous prokaryotes possess the CRISPR-associated system (CASS) of defense against phages and plasmids that is, in part, mechanistically analogous but not homologous to eukaryotic RNAi systems. Many prokaryotes also encode homologs of Argonaute-PIWI proteins but their functions remain unknown. 相似文献444.
Kira M. Veley Grigory Maksaev Elizabeth M. Frick Emma January Sarah C. Kloepper Elizabeth S. Haswell 《The Plant cell》2014,26(7):3115-3131
Members of the MscS superfamily of mechanosensitive ion channels function as osmotic safety valves, releasing osmolytes under increased membrane tension. MscS homologs exhibit diverse topology and domain structure, and it has been proposed that the more complex members of the family might have novel regulatory mechanisms or molecular functions. Here, we present a study of MscS-Like (MSL)10 from Arabidopsis thaliana that supports these ideas. High-level expression of MSL10-GFP in Arabidopsis induced small stature, hydrogen peroxide accumulation, ectopic cell death, and reactive oxygen species- and cell death-associated gene expression. Phosphomimetic mutations in the MSL10 N-terminal domain prevented these phenotypes. The phosphorylation state of MSL10 also regulated its ability to induce cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves but did not affect subcellular localization, assembly, or channel behavior. Finally, the N-terminal domain of MSL10 was sufficient to induce cell death in tobacco, independent of phosphorylation state. We conclude that the plant-specific N-terminal domain of MSL10 is capable of inducing cell death, this activity is regulated by phosphorylation, and MSL10 has two separable activities—one as an ion channel and one as an inducer of cell death. These findings further our understanding of the evolution and significance of mechanosensitive ion channels. 相似文献
445.