Effects of antiepileptic drugs on brain energy reserves during convulsions

Cerebral cortical ATP, P-creatine, glucose, and lactate were measured 6 sec after 1 sec of 150/sec rectangular pulses, at 0,20 v, 40 v, 60 v, 80 v, or 100 v, applied to the heads of intact mice which had been given either no drug, phenobarbitone (25 mg/kg), trimethadione (600 mg/kg), or diphenylhydantoin (40 mg/kg), intraperitoneally. In general, regardless of stimulus strength or drug used, animals which exhibited maximal (tonic-clonic) convulsions showed similar striking decreases in brain P-creatine, decreases in ATP and glucose, and increases in lactate. On the other hand, in animals which exhibited less than maximal clinical response, there was little or no change in these metabolites. An exception was the case of diphenylhydantoin. Tonic-clonic seizures did not occur after diphenylhydantoin administration, even with 100 v stimuli, but substrate changes at this voltage were, nevertheless, similar to those observed in brains of other mice undergoing maximal convulsions.     

The structure and possible mode of functioning of the female reproductive system in Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Associated with the female insect reproductive system are a number of glands. Those present in Nasonia vitripennis are described, their microanatomy examined and where possible this is linked with their function during the process of drilling into the host puparium, feeding on the host fluids and oviposition. The structures dealt with are the ovaries, spermatheca, alkaline gland, colleterial gland and the acid gland with reservoir.     

Generic Identification of L-Forms by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoretic Comparison of Extracts from Parent Strains and Their Derived L-Forms

A polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic method was used for identification of L-forms in the genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Proteus, by comparing phenol-acetic acid-water extracts of homologous parent L-form pairs to one another and to other pairs. The method requires only milligram quantities of material for analysis. The standard patterns for the strains used in this study are shown as pictures of the gels and as densitometric tracings of appropriate gels. They show that, despite occasional minor differences in some organisms, the gel electrophoretic patterns of homologous L-forms and bacterial pairs are sufficiently similar-as well as sufficiently dissimilar from patterns of other genera-to permit generic identification of an unknown L-form by reference to patterns derived from possible parental bacteria.     

Post-fertilization functions of annulate lamellae in the periphery of the egg of Spirorbis borealis (Daudin) (Serpulidae=Annelida)

Summary Post-fertilization changes in the periphery of the egg of Spirorbis borealis are described. The nuclear envelope and cell membrane are formed by the coalescence of short strands of membrane perhaps produced by the Golgi complex. Annulate lamellae are abundant in the forming cells giving rise to endoplasmic reticulum and apparently contributing to genesis of mitochondria. This possibility is discussed.We are grateful to Professor E. W. Knight-Jones in whose department the work was carried out.     

Ultrastructural changes in nurse and follicle cells during late stages of oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Summary During stages 11 and 12, follicle cells surrounding the nurse cells produce lysosomes which presumably aid in the breakdown of the nurse cells. Accompanying a DNA reduction in nurse cell nuclei are several characteristic morphological changes including the appearance of intranuclear rod-like structures and nuclear granules about 300 Å in diameter. Similarities between structures seen in Drosophila nurse cell nuclei and those seen in other organisms are discussed.This research was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Grants 5TIGM903-3 and 1-F1-GM-33, 385-01 and National Science Foundation grant GB-7457.     

Enzyme Activity,Acidic Nuclear Proteins,and Prognosis in Human Breast Cancer

The activities of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and phosphohexose isomerase in primary human breast cancer biopsies are shown to be related to the time between mastectomy and recurrence of the cancer. These enzymes have higher activity in malignant breast tissues generally than in non-malignant breast tissues. In tumours from patients with long free periods these differences are not apparent.Evidence is presented which suggests that two different types of breast cancer can be distinguished according to the relative amounts of phosphohexose isomerase and acidic nuclear proteins. It is suggested that this difference may be related to hormone responsiveness.     

A New Plating Medium for the Isolation of Enteric Pathogens: II. Comparison of Hektoen Enteric Agar with S S and E M B Agar

During this study, 2,855 stool specimens from patients at Cook County Hospital were cultured for enteric pathogens. Hektoen Enteric Agar (HE) was compared with E M B and S S Agars by replicate samplings with both direct and indirect methods. Shigella species were recovered more than twice as often on HE Agar as on S S Agar by both methods. With the direct method only, out of 98 Shigella isolated, 97 were isolated from HE Agar, 74 were recovered from E M B Agar, and 40 were found on S S Agar. In addition, HE yielded better isolation of Salmonella strains than did S S or E M B by either direct or indirect methods. The greater efficiency of HE medium is discussed with respect to colonial recognition of enteric pathogens.