Ecological character displacement caused by reproductive interference

We carried out a theoretical investigation of whether ecological character displacement can be caused by reproductive interference. Our model assumes that a quantitative character is associated with both resource use and species recognition, and that heterospecific mating incurs costs. The model shows that ecological character displacement can occur as a consequence of evolution of premating isolation; this conclusion is based on the premise that resource competition is less intense between species than within species and that the ecological character also contributes to premating isolation. When resource competition between species is intense, extinction of either species may occur by competitive exclusion before ecological character divergence. Some observational studies have shown that character displacement in body size is associated with not only resources use but also species recognition. We propose that body size displacement can occur as a consequence of evolution of premating isolation. Our results suggest that ecological character displacement results from reproductive character displacement.     

Trade-offs between force and fit: extreme morphologies associated with feeding behavior in carabid beetles

We explored how functional trade-offs in resource handling strategies are associated with the divergent morphology of predators. The malacophagous carabid Damaster blaptoides shows two extreme morphologies in the forebody; there is an elongate small-headed type and a stout large-headed type. A feeding experiment showed that the small-headed type obtained a high feeding performance on snails with a thick shell and a large aperture by penetrating the shell with its head. In contrast, the large-headed type showed a high feeding performance on snails that had a thin shell and a small aperture, and they ate these prey by crushing the shell. The large-headed, strong-jawed beetles are efficient at shell crushing but are ineffective at shell entry; the large mandibles and musculature that allow for shell crushing make the beetle's head too wide to penetrate shell apertures. On the other hand, small-headed, weak-jawed beetles crush poorly but can reach into shells for direct predation on snail bodies. These findings are hypothesized to be functional trade-offs between force and fit due to morphological constraints. This trade-off would be a primary mechanism affecting both resource handling ability in animals and phenotypic diversity in predators and prey.     

Efficient Extraction of Thioreodoxin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Ethanol

Thioredoxin, an antioxidant protein, is a promising molecule for development of functional foods because it protects the gastric mucosa and reduces the allergenicity of allergens. To establish a method for obtaining an ample amount of yeast thioredoxin, we found here that thioredoxin is released from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by treatment with 20% ethanol. We also found that Japanese sake contains a considerable amount of thioredoxin.     

Estimation of the embryotoxic effect of CBZ using an ES cell differentiation system

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, a higher rate of congenital anomalies has been found in infants of mothers treated with CBZ during early pregnancy. Here, we characterize the effects of CBZ using a mouse ES cell differentiation system. The analysis of tissue-specific gene markers showed that CBZ induced early endodermal and mesodermal differentiation but inhibited differentiation of later stages. CBZ also induced ectodermal development, and there was evidence of neural differentiation as ES cells with an immature neuronal phenotype were observed. In contrast, valproic acid (VPA), another anticonvulsant drug, was previously shown to be able to induce ES cells to differentiate into neurons with a mature appearance. CBZ was less cytotoxic to ES cells than VPA. The in vitro ES cell assay system has the potential to provide a rapid and accurate approach for estimating the in vivo embryotoxicity of therapeutic drugs.     

IRS-1 transgenic mice show increased epididymal fat mass and insulin resistance

Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is the major substrate of both the insulin receptor and the IGF-1 receptor. In this study, we created IRS-1 transgenic (IRS-1-Tg) mice which express human IRS-1 cDNA under control of the mouse IRS-1 gene promoter. In the IRS-1-Tg mice, IRS-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in almost all tissues, but its protein expression was increased in very limited tissues (epididymal fat and skeletal muscle). IRS-1-Tg mice showed glucose intolerance and significantly enlarged epididymal fat mass, as well as elevated serum TNF-α concentrations. Importantly insulin signaling was significantly attenuated in the liver of IRS-1-Tg mice, which may contribute to the glucose intolerance. Our results suggest that excess IRS-1 expression may not provide a beneficial impact on glucose homeostasis in vivo.     

Mycophenolic acid as a latent agonist of PPARgamma

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), known as an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), was found to inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes. Although the effect of MPA was attributed to inhibition of IMPDH, we uncovered a hidden biological property of MPA as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma).     

Enzyme electrode formed by evaporative concentration and its performance characterization

A highly concentrated immobilized enzyme layer was formed on a small working electrode, and the behavior of the electrode as an amperometric sensor was examined. To this end, a super-hydrophobic layer was formed in an area other than the sensitive area by using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) beads. A small droplet of an enzyme solution containing glucose oxidase (GOD) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was placed on the sensitive area, concentrated by evaporation, and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. With the same enzyme activity per unit area, the current density increased with smaller working electrodes. Also, the current density increased with higher enzyme loadings up to a limiting value. In addition, the linear range of the calibration plot was expanded to higher glucose concentrations. The enzyme electrode fabricated by the novel method was incorporated in a micro-flow channel. Compared with large enzyme electrodes with the same enzyme activity per unit area, smaller electrodes showed a significant increase in the current density and a decrease in the flow dependence. The conversion efficiency could be improved by narrowing the flow channel and increasing the number of electrodes, which was comparable with a large electrode placed in a shallow flow channel.     

Instantaneous determination via bimolecular recognition: usefulness of FRET in phosphorylcholine group enriched nanoparticles

This paper deals with smart bimolecular recognition for instantaneous determination. In particular, we installed the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system in phosphorylcholine (PC) group enriched nanoparticles (NPs). The most favorable characteristics were as follows: (i) the suppression of nonspecific protein adsorption by the PC group enriched surface and (ii) simple bioassay protocol relative to the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the case of immunoassays, nonspecific interaction and complex protocols are known dominant problems. To address these issues, we designed FRET-installed NPs. Agglutination of NPs is a fundamental immunoassay technique; however, it is not quantitative. By evaluating the degree of agglutination based on the fluorescence intensity, the resulting information can be used for diagnosis. Therefore, we installed the FRET system on the surface of the NPs. In this paper, C-reactive protein (CRP) and osteopontin (OPN) were the target biomarkers for instantaneous determination, and the resulting fluorescence intensity correlated well with changes in the concentrations of the target molecules. The immunoassay protocol was quite simple, involving only the mixing of FRET-installed NPs and target molecules, such as CRP and OPN antigens. We successfully evaluated the concentration of the target biomarkers, even when human serum albumin was present as an interference molecule.     

Effect of an excessive intake of quercetin on the vitamin E level and antioxidative enzyme activities of mouse liver under paraquat-induced oxidative stress

The liver alpha-tocopherol level of the paraquat fed mice group was lower than that of the control diet-fed group. An excessive intake of quercetin lowered the liver alpha-tocopherol level of the control diet-fed mice group, but did not affect it in the paraquat-fed mice group. The same quercetin intake significantly increased the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver of both groups, indicating that excessive quercetin intake can either promote or attenuate oxidative stress in the liver.