Temporal mechanisms influencing gender expression and pollen flow within a self-incompatible perennial,Amianthium muscaetoxicum (Liliaceae)

Summary Temporal mechanisms that influence the synchrony of gender expression and the patterns of withinplant pollen flow were examined in Amianthium muscatoxicum. In this species self-incompatible pollinations can clog stigmas, interfere with the growth of outcrossed pollen tubes, and reduce fecundity. The majority of flowers have partial dichogamy: a two-day period of pollen dehiscence and a four-day period of pollen viability are nested in a six-day period of pistil viability. An indeterminate flowering sequence among flowers on the same plant and partial dichogamy within flowers help reduce pollen flow within the whole plant. The combined effects at both of these levels should reduce pollen wastage and lower the incidence of stigma clogging by incompatible self pollen.     

An assessment of the behavioral toxicity of high-energy iron particles compared to other qualities of radiation

Conditioned taste aversion was used to evaluate the behavioral toxicity of exposure to high-energy iron particles (56Fe, 600 MeV/amu) in comparison to that of gamma photons (60Co), high-energy electrons, or fission neutrons. Exposure to high-energy iron particles (5-500 cGy) produced a dose-dependent taste aversion with a maximal effect achieved with a dose of 30 cGy. Gamma photons and electrons were the least effective stimuli for producing a conditioned taste aversion, with a maximal aversion obtained only after exposure to 500 cGy, while the effectiveness of fission neutrons was intermediate to that of photons and iron particles, and a maximal aversion was obtained with a dose of 100 cGy. In the second experiment, rats with lesions of the area postrema were exposed to iron particles (30 cGy), but failed to acquire a taste aversion. The results indicate that (1) high-energy iron particles are more toxic than other qualities of radiation and (2) similar mechanisms mediate the behavioral toxicity of gamma photons and high-energy iron particles.     

Mitochondrial acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Time course of mobilization/activation in liver of refed rats.

Fasted (48 h) rats were killed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h after they were refed on a high-carbohydrate diet. An increase in the maximal activity and quantity of cystolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase was found in liver of refed rats after a lag time of about 8 h. The increased quantity of cytosolic enzyme was attributable primarily to mobilization of mitochondrial storage forms and not to substantial increase in the rate of synthesis of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.     

The chalcone synthase multigene family of Petunia hybrida (V30): differential,light-regulated expression during flower development and UV light induction

We have analysed the expression of the 8–10 members of the gene family encoding the flavonoid biosynthetic enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS) from Petunia hybrida. During normal plant development only two members of the gene family (CHS-A and CHS-J) are expressed. Their expression is restricted to floral tissues mainly. About 90% of the total CHS mRNA pool is transcribed from CHS-A, wheares CHS-J delivers about 10% in flower corolla, tube and anthers. Expression of CHS-A and CHS-J during flower development is coordinated and (red) light-dependent. In young seedlings and cell suspension cultures expression of CHS-A and CHS-J can be induced with UV light. In addition to CHS-A and CHS-J, expression of another two CHS genes (CHS-B and CHS-G) is induced in young seedlings by UV light, albeit at a low level. In contrast to CHS genes from Leguminoseae, Petunia CHS genes are not inducible by phytopathogen-derived elicitors. Expression of CHS-A and CHS-J is reduced to a similar extent in a regulatory CHS mutant, Petunia hybrida Red Star, suggesting that both genes are regulated by the same trans-acting factors. Comparison of the promoter sequences of CHS-A and CHS-J reveals some striking homologies, which might represent cis-acting regulatory sequences.     

Nature of forces stabilizing the transmembrane protein bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane

Analysis of the far-ultraviolet solution and the oriented-film circular dichroic (CD) spectra of the purple membrane (PM) has indicated that the α-helical segments of its sole protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) can undergo a significant tilting from the normal to the membrane plane during light-dependent hydroxylamine-mediated bleaching of the bR. However, this drastic change in tertiary structure is free of any observable secondary structural changes. This phenomenon can provide an excellent means for studying the relative contributions of forces responsible for the stability of this transmembrane protein within the membrane bilayer. Perturbation of the PM by varying degrees of papain digestion (resulting in changes in the bR ranging from only an elimination of the long COOH-terminal tail to the additional eliminations of the short NH₂-terminal tail and a number of linkage amino acids between the helical segments of the bR) and by chemical cross-linking with dimethyl adipimidate (resulting primarily in the formation of intramolecular cross-links) resulted in a significant increase in this bleaching-induced tilting in all cases except the one in which only the COOH-tail was eliminated. The most severe perturbation (2-wk papain digestion) increased the net tilt angle per segment from 24 to 39° with no indication of any secondary structural changes. Although these perturbations drastically reduced the structural stability of the bR to bleaching, they caused virtually no observable changes in the intramolecular structure of the bR or the supramolecular structure of the PM based on analysis of extensive absorption, linear dichroic, and CD spectra. In addition, study of the bleaching rates for the perturbed PM samples indicated that a linear correlation exists between the calculated initial bleaching rates and the net tilt angles.

Considering the forces generally assumed to account for the stability of transmembrane proteins in membranes, (a) intersegmental hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, (b) electrostatic interactions between hydrophilic polypeptide segments extending outside the bilayer and the many charged lipid heads of the bilayer, and (c) hydrophobic interactions, it is clear that the results of the bleaching experiments eliminate all but perhaps the last as contributing significantly to the bR stability in the PM. Furthermore, they provide more compelling evidence than previously available that the bR is capable of undergoing relatively large retinyldiene-controlled tertiary structural changes and that the chromophoric retinal serves as the most important factor in the native bR structural stability. This dynamic view of the bR bears directly on models proposed for bR function, favoring those in which protein structural metastability, rather than rigidity, is an essential factor. The proteinquake or deformation wave model proposed by this laboratory falls into this category.

     

Molecular dynamics of antitumor ether-linked phospholipids in model membranes: a spin-label study

We have synthesized a spin-labeled derivative of ET-18-OCH3, a known antitumor ether-linked phospholipid. The spin-labeled analog was shown to be as potent as ET-18-OCH3 in inhibiting 3H-thymidine uptake of HL60 leukemic cells. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies showed that the mobility of this ether-linked phospholipid in the membrane is more restricted when compared to its ester-linked counterparts. It is probable that the absence of the bulky carbonyl oxygens allows closer packing of the two alkyl chains in the ether-linked phospholipid, thereby reducing the angular amplitude of the motion of the alkyl chains. These findings may be of importance in elucidating mechanisms by which the antitumor ether-linked phospholipids perturb the structure of cellular membranes.     

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in native Philippine cattle based on restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns

An analysis of patterns of cleavage of mtDNA by restriction endonucleases was performed for nine individuals from the Philippine population of native cattle. MtDNA polymorphisms were detected in the restriction patterns generated by the following six enzymes,BamHI,BglII,EcoRV,HindIII,PstI, andScaI. The restriction patterns showing polymorphisms were distributed nonrandomly among the nine individuals examined from the Philippine population of native cattle, indicating the existence of two separate types of mtDNA. These two types of mtDNA are very different from each other, at the level of subspecies. Since the native Philippine cattle are considered to represent an admixture of European and Indian cattle, the two types of mtDNA must be derived from the mtDNAs of both varieties. The polymorphic sites in mtDNA have been located on a restriction map, and the nucleotide substitutions at some of the sites have also been estimated.     

Experimental evaluation of a minnow trap for small lotic fish

A minnow trap that operates in various flow regimes in streams and allows sampling of small fish from stream bed microhabitats was developed. In laboratory and field tests, the most efficient trap design for capturing and retaining various species of fish had one funnel oriented downstream, a plexiglass body, and commercial trout food as bait. These lightweight traps can be set in a wide range of current velocities and depths, and can be useful in investigations that examine the microhabitat use, diel activity patterns or population densities of small lotic fish. Guidelines for the trap's use and for quick verification of capture success in new situations are suggested.