Role of NK Cell Subsets in Organ-Specific Murine Melanoma Metastasis

Tumor metastasis plays a major role in the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. Among solid tumors that undergo metastasis, there is often a predilection to metastasize to a particular organ with, for example, prostate cancer preferentially metastasizing to bones and colon cancer preferentially metastasizing to the liver. Although many factors are thought to be important in establishing permissiveness for metastasis, the reasons for organ-specific predilection of each tumor are not understood. Using a B16 murine melanoma model, we tested the hypothesis that organ-specific NK cell subsets play a critical role in organ-specific metastasis of this tumor. Melanoma cells, given intravenously, readily colonized the lungs but not the liver. NK cell depletion (either iatrogenically or by using genetically targeted mice) resulted in substantial hepatic metastasis. Analysis of NK cell subsets, defined by the differential expression of a combination of CD27 and CD11b, indicated a significant difference in the distribution of NK cell subsets in the lung and liver with the mature subset being dominant in the lung and the immature subset being dominant in the liver. Several experimental approaches, including adoptive transfer, clearly indicated that the immature hepatic NK cell subset, CD27+ CD11b–, was protective against liver metastasis; this subset mediated its protection by a perforin-dependent cytotoxic mechanism. In contrast, the more mature NK cell subsets were more efficient at reducing pulmonary tumor load. These data indicate that organ-specific immune responses may play a pivotal role in determining the permissiveness of a given organ for the establishment of a metastatic niche.     

Electron microscopy for the diagnosis of tumours.

The role of leukocyte transfusions in the prevention and treatment of infections in adults with granulocytopenia was investigated. Leukocytes were obtained from healthy volunteers by continuous-flow centrifugation. Histocompatibility antigen (HLA)-matched leukocytes were used to assess the prophylactic value of leukocyte transfusions. Seven patients with acute myelogenous leukemia received HLA-matched leukocytes during the period of maximal granulocytopenia associated with initial remission induction therapy; 20 concurrently treated patients who did not receive leukocyte transfusions were the control group. The patients receiving HLA-matched leukocytes had significantly fewer (P = 0.043) infectious episodes (not bacteriologically proven) during the study period, and remission occurred in 5 of the 7, compared with 10 of the 20 controls. In addition, 52 series of two or more ABO-compatible transfusions were given to 50 patients with proven infection or elevated temperature presumed due to infection and a granulocyte count of less than 0.5 X 10(9)/L. Response, indicated by a decrease in temperature, occurred in 23 patients. Leukocyte transfusions thus have an important adjuvant role in the management of patients with severe granulocytopenia.     

The Land of Prehistory: A Critical History of American Archaeology

The Land of Prehistory:. Critical History of American Archaeology. Alice Beck Kehoe. New York: Routledge, 1998. 288 pp.     

Termite Prey Specialization in the Pitcher Plant Nepenthes albomarginata--Evidence from Stable Isotope Analysis

Old World pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp., Nepenthaceae) trapand digest invertebrate prey to derive nutrients, primarilynitrogen (N). In the majority of lowland Nepenthes species studiedto date, ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) are numerically thedominant prey taxon. Nepenthes albomarginata is unusual in showingan apparent bias towards the capture of termites (Isoptera).We tested the hypothesis that N. albomarginata derives N fromtermite capture, by comparison of foliar stable N isotope abundance(     

Climate change and cereal aphids: the relative effects of increasing CO2 and temperature on aphid population dynamics

Experimental evidence regarding the responses of cereal aphids to rising atmospheric CO₂ has been ambiguous. Some studies suggest increased population sizes under future CO₂ levels, others suggest decreased population sizes, and still others suggest little or no difference. Recently, Newman et al. (2003) constructed a general mathematical model of the aphid–grass interaction to investigate whether or not we should, in fact, expect a general aphid response to rising CO₂. They concluded that aphid populations are likely to be larger under future CO₂ concentrations if soil N levels are high, the aphid species' nitrogen requirement is low and the aphid species' density‐dependent response in winged morph production is weak. In that model, and in field experiments, CO₂ concentration influences aphid population dynamics through the effect it has on plant quality. However, future CO₂ concentrations are also likely to be accompanied by higher ambient temperatures, a combination that has received little focus to date. In the present paper, the Newman et al. model is used to consider the combined effects of increased CO₂ concentrations and temperature on aphid population sizes. It is concluded that, when both factors are elevated, aphid population dynamics will be more similar to current ambient conditions than expected from the results of experiments studying either factor alone. This result has important implications for future experimentation.