喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳、全氮以及微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

以广西环江大才为代表,选择亚热带典型喀斯特峰林谷地样区,通过对样区土壤进行密集采样和测定分析,研究了土地利用方式对土壤有机碳（O_C）和全氮（TN）含量及土壤微生物生物量碳（B_C）和氮（B_N）含量的影响.结果表明,3种土地利用方式下,土壤有机碳含量在稻田和林地中基本相同,而旱地显著低于稻田和林地.土壤全氮含量为稻田显著高于林地,而林地显著高于旱地.土壤微生物生物量碳含量为稻田显著高于林地,林地显著高于旱地.土壤微生物生物量氮含量在稻田和林地中基本相同,而旱地显著低于稻田和林地.旱地土壤pH值显著低于稻田和林地土壤.3种土地利用方式下,土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤有机碳、土壤微生物生物量氮与全氮含量之间均呈显著的正相关关系.土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量可以作为评价喀斯特地区土壤质量和肥力的指标之一,对土地利用方式响应较为敏感.     

Improving fertility and productivity of a highly-weathered upland soil in subtropical China by incorporating rice straw

The transfer of rice straw from paddy fields to upland areas was proposed in our study as an innovative practice to improve the fertility of the highly-weathered and poor upland soils, as well as to mitigate environmental impacts from rice production system (e.g., the large application of chemical fertilizers, straw burning, CH₄ emission from decomposed straw) in the subtropical China. Data from an 8-year field experiment with sweet potato and rapeseed show that, the contents of organic matter and total nitrogen (N) in the surface soil (0–20 cm) with rice straw incorporation were increased by 13%, and the amounts of soil microbial biomass carbon (C), N, and phosphorus (P) by 18–43%, compared with the values when chemical fertilizers (NPK) were applied alone. Physical conditions and crop productivity of the test soil were effectively promoted with the straw incorporation, as indicated in significant changes in soil field water-holding capacity, total porosity, and bulk density in the 10–15 cm soil layer, and the rise (about 10% and 20%, respectively) of sweet potato and rapeseed yields. In conclusion, these results suggest that the practice shift from conventional rice straw management (‘on the spot’ incorporation) to upland incorporation is effective in improvement in fertility and productivity of the upland soil, which has potentials to reduce the amounts of chemical fertilizers applied and to increase soil C storage in farmlands in the region.     

温度对湿地沉积物有机碳矿化的影响

温度是湿地沉积物有机碳积累和分解的主要影响因子。培养试验研究了 5个温度梯度下东北三江平原地区 3类典型湿地(泥炭沼泽、腐殖质沼泽和沼泽化草甸 )沉积物有机 C的矿化特征 ,以及冻融过程 (7次 )对其矿化的影响。结果表明 ,温度每升高5℃ ,泥炭沼泽、腐殖质沼泽和沼泽化草甸沉积物在 2 6 0 d培养期内有机 C矿化量分别增加 3.1%、3.3%和 1.6 %。在较低温度(10、15、2 0℃ )下 3类湿地沉积物的有机 C矿化速率基本处于稳定状态 ;但在较高温度 (2 5、30℃ )下前期 (0～ 110 d)的矿化速率明显高于后期。 3类湿地沉积物有机 C矿化温度系数 (Q1 0 )在前期较大 (2 .9～ 3.6 ) ,并出现明显的波动 ,后期逐渐趋于稳定(2 .0 )。到培养结束时 ,泥炭沼泽和腐殖质沼泽沉积物的轻组 C(比重 <1.7)占总有机 C百分比 (约占起始有机 C总量 80 % )的下降幅度与温度成正相关 ;而沼泽化草甸沉积物的轻组有机 C(仅占起始有机 C总量 5 % )的下降幅度较小 (2 .5 %～ 2 .9% )。试验结果还表明 ,在 2 0℃下培养 ,3类湿地沉积物的有机 C矿化速度明显受冻融处理的抑制 ,在 10℃下培养其影响则很小     

湿润和干旱条件下喀斯特地区洼地表层土壤水分的空间变异性

在桂西北喀斯特洼地,用地统计学方法研究了旱季初期湿润和干旱条件下表层（0—5和5～10cm）土壤水分的空间结构及其分布特征．结果表明,表层土壤水分存在明显的空间异质性和各向异性,呈现差异显著的斑块状分布格局．湿润条件下,土壤水分具有中等和较强的空间相关性,变程分别为33．15n,和15．75m,其中0～5cm层具有明显的趋势效应;干旱条件下,土壤水分则呈现出强烈的空间相关性,而且相似斑块的空间尺度有所减小,变程最小仅为8．22m;在平均含水量较低时（干旱条件）其变异程度较大,实际应用中应根据平均含水量水平采取不同的取样设计．实验区表层土壤水分空间变异及其分布格局的显著差异,主要是受地貌、平均含水量（降水）和地形等因素的影响．     

洞庭湖区不同利用方式对土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷的影响

以湖南省沅江市典型湖垸为代表,通过密集取样分析,研究了洞庭湖区不同利用方式条件下农田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的变化及其和土壤碳、氮、磷的关系,发现水田土壤碳、氮和微生物生物量碳、氮明显高于旱地,水田土壤中双季稻高于一季稻;土壤磷的含量旱地稍高于水田,但土壤微生物生物量磷水田稍高于旱地.尽管在水田土壤中微生物生物量碳、氮有明显的不同,但水田土壤微生物生物量磷维持在相对稳定的水平.典型样区土壤微生物生物量碳占有机碳的比例为0.65%～7.24%,平均3.00%;土壤微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例为0.98%～7.41%,平均3.81%;土壤微生物生物量磷占全磷的比例为0.16%～7.54%,平均2.80%.土壤C/N为3.87～17.31,平均9.15;BC/BN为4.06～9.29,平均7.26.土壤微生物生物量碳、氮与土壤碳、氮之间存在极其显著的线性相关关系,但土壤微生物生物量磷占全磷之间相关关系不显著.土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷之间的相关关系达到了极显著水平.不同的利用方式和耕作制度导致了土壤碳、氮和微生物生物量碳、氮的差异,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮能够很好地反映洞庭湖区农田土壤碳、氮水平.     

Utilization of acorn fringe for ellagic acid production by Aspergillus oryzae and Endomyces fibuliger

Conversion of acorn fringe extract into ellagic acid production by Aspergillus oryzae and Endomyces fibuliger were investigated. The results showed that ellagic acid production was maximized when co-fermentation of the two fungi was performed at 30 degrees C and pH 5.0 with 5.7 g/l of initial substrate concentration, which were close to the optimal values for both fungi to yield an appropriate consortium of hydrolytic enzymes. Meanwhile, it was found that the co-fermentation could compensate the deficiencies in the level of polyphenol oxidase activity from pure A. oryzae and the levels of ellagitannin acyl hydrolase and beta-glucosidase activities from pure E. fibuliger, resulting in. 0.91 g/l of biomass concentration containing 1.84 g/l of ellagic acid. The research not only demonstrates that the co-fermentation is an effective approach to utilize forest byproduct for ellagic acid production, but also provides more evidences for understanding evolution of ellagic acid production with enzymes actions, which is important for process control of ellagic acid production in industrial application.     

Overexpression of rice <Emphasis Type="Italic">LRK1</Emphasis> restricts internode elongation by down-regulating <Emphasis Type="Italic">OsKO2</Emphasis>

Rice (Oryza sativa) has the potential to undergo rapid internodal elongation which determines plant height. Gibberellin is involved in internode elongation. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are the largest subfamily of transmembrane receptor-like kinases in plants. LRR-RLKs play important functions in mediating a variety of cellular processes and regulating responses to environmental signals. LRK1, a PSK receptor homolog, is a member of the LRR-RLK family. In the present study, differences in ectopic expression of LRK1 were consistent with extent of rice internode elongation. Analyses of gene expression demonstrated that LRK1 restricts gibberellin biosynthesis during the internode elongation process by down-regulation of the gibberellin biosynthetic gene coding for ent-kaurene oxidase.     

Evolution and dynamics of megaplasmids with genome sizes larger than 100 kb in the Bacillus cereus group

Background

Every year the human population encounters epidemic outbreaks of influenza, and history reveals recurring pandemics that have had devastating consequences. The current work focuses on the development of a robust algorithm for detecting influenza strains that have a composite genomic architecture. These influenza subtypes can be generated through a reassortment process, whereby a virus can inherit gene segments from two different types of influenza particles during replication. Reassortant strains are often not immediately recognised by the adaptive immune system of the hosts and hence may be the source of pandemic outbreaks. Owing to their importance in public health and their infectious ability, it is essential to identify reassortant influenza strains in order to understand the evolution of this virus and describe reassortment pathways that may be biased towards particular viral segments. Phylogenetic methods have been used traditionally to identify reassortant viruses. In many studies up to now, the assumption has been that if two phylogenetic trees differ, it is because reassortment has caused them to be different. While phylogenetic incongruence may be caused by real differences in evolutionary history, it can also be the result of phylogenetic error. Therefore, we wish to develop a method for distinguishing between topological inconsistency that is due to confounding effects and topological inconsistency that is due to reassortment.

Results

The current work describes the implementation of two approaches for robustly identifying reassortment events. The algorithms rest on the idea of significance of difference between phylogenetic trees or phylogenetic tree sets, and subtree pruning and regrafting operations, which mimic the effect of reassortment on tree topologies. The first method is based on a maximum likelihood (ML) framework (MLreassort) and the second implements a Bayesian approach (Breassort) for reassortment detection. We focus on reassortment events that are found by both methods. We test both methods on a simulated dataset and on a small collection of real viral data isolated in Hong Kong in 1999.

Conclusions

The nature of segmented viral genomes present many challenges with respect to disease. The algorithms developed here can effectively identify reassortment events in small viral datasets and can be applied not only to influenza but also to other segmented viruses. Owing to computational demands of comparing tree topologies, further development in this area is necessary to allow their application to larger datasets.