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991.
降解水稻秸秆的复合菌系及其微生物群落结构演替北大核心CSCD 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
【目的】比较和分析从堆肥中富集的水稻秸秆降解菌系F1和F2的纤维素分解能力、微生物群落结构及其在秸秆降解过程中的演替,从而探究微生物群落结构与秸秆降解效率的相关性。【方法】采用DNS(3,5-二硝基水杨酸,3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid)定糖法测定发酵液中的外切纤维素酶活;采用范氏(Van Soest)洗涤纤维分析法测定发酵前与发酵后的秸秆纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量,并计算降解率;采用16S r RNA基因序列分析和实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative real-time PCR,Q-PCR)对秸秆降解过程中的微生物物种组成及特定的功能微生物进行定性和定量分析。【结果】复合菌系F1的水稻秸秆总降解率、纤维素降解率、半纤维素降解率显著高于复合菌系F2;2种复合菌系的外切纤维素酶活性与cel48基因的拷贝数变化趋势一致;复合菌系F1的物种较丰富,优势物种是好氧细菌,复合菌系F2的物种组成较单一,培养后期具有较高比例的厌氧纤维素分解菌;培养前4天,复合菌系F1和F2的优势物种均为Unclassified Bacillales和Bacillus;第4天之后,不同复合菌系的优势物种及丰度出现差异,F1的优势物种主要属于Bacteroidetes,F2的优势物种主要属于Firmicutes;虽然Petrimonas和Pusillimonas是培养后期的共有优势物种,但是Petrimonas在复合菌系F2中的相对丰度(38.30%)显著高于F1(9.47%),且培养第8天的F2中的Clostridiales OPB54增加至14.85%。【结论】cel48基因拷贝数变化与秸秆纤维素的降解效率、外切纤维素酶活性变化具有一定的相关性,cel48基因可作为潜在的生物分子标记监测秸秆纤维素的降解过程;微生物群落结构对秸秆纤维素的降解效率具有显著影响,Unclassified Bacillales,Bacillus,Petrimonas,Pusillimonas是复合菌系F1和F2降解秸秆纤维素过程中的重要物种。 相似文献
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Genomic constitution and taxonomy of the Chinese hexaploids Elymus cylindricus and E. breviaristatus (Poaceae: Triticeae)
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Cai‐Rong Yang Bernard‐R. Baum Wei‐Huan Chen Hai‐Qin Zhang Xiao‐Yan Liu Xing Fan Li‐Na Sha Hou‐Yang Kang Yi Wang Yong‐Hong Zhou 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2016,182(3):650-657
Elymus cylindricus (2n = 6x = 42) and E. breviaristatus (2n = 6x = 42) are distributed in grasslands and deserts of northern and north‐western China. Their genomic constitution and taxonomic status are unclear. Elymus cylindricus was crossed with E. wawawaiensis J.R.Carlson & Barkworth ( StH ), Roegneria grandis Keng ( StY ) and Campeiostachys dahurica (Turcz. ex Griseb.) B.R.Baum, J.L. Y ang & C. Y en var. dahurica ( StYH ). Meiotic pairing in the hybrids E. cylindricus × E. wawawaiensis ( StH ), E. cylindricus × R. grandis ( StY ) and E. cylindricus × C. dahurica var. dahurica ( StYH ) showed on average 10.00, 11.30 and 20.92 bivalents per cell, respectively. Elymus breviaristatus was crossed with C. dahurica var. dahurica ( StYH ) and E. cylindricus. Chromosome pairing in the hybrids of E. breviaristatus × C. dahurica var. dahurica and E. breviaristatus × E. cylindricus showed on average 19.60 and 19.27 bivalents, respectively. Genomic in situ hybridization (GI SH ) revealed the presence of St , Y and H genomes in E. cylindricus and E. breviaristatus. An intergenomic rearrangement was observed in E. cylindricus using GI SH . Meiotic pairing data and GI SH indicated that both E. cylindricus and E. breviaristatus are allohexaploids containing the StYH genomes. Elymus cylindricus and E. breviaristatus should be treated as Campeiostachys dahurica var. cylindrica and Campeiostachys breviaristata, respectively. 相似文献
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Yuan-Bao Li Li-Bo Han Hai-Yun Wang Jie Zhang Shu-Tao Sun De-Qin Feng Chun-Lin Yang Yong-Duo Sun Nai-Qin Zhong Gui-Xian Xia 《Plant physiology》2016,170(4):2392-2406
Examining the proteins that plants secrete into the apoplast in response to pathogen attack provides crucial information for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant innate immunity. In this study, we analyzed the changes in the root apoplast secretome of the Verticillium wilt-resistant island cotton cv Hai 7124 (Gossypium barbadense) upon infection with Verticillium dahliae. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis identified 68 significantly altered spots, corresponding to 49 different proteins. Gene ontology annotation indicated that most of these proteins function in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and defense response. Of the ROS-related proteins identified, we further characterized a thioredoxin, GbNRX1, which increased in abundance in response to V. dahliae challenge, finding that GbNRX1 functions in apoplastic ROS scavenging after the ROS burst that occurs upon recognition of V. dahliae. Silencing of GbNRX1 resulted in defective dissipation of apoplastic ROS, which led to higher ROS accumulation in protoplasts. As a result, the GbNRX1-silenced plants showed reduced wilt resistance, indicating that the initial defense response in the root apoplast requires the antioxidant activity of GbNRX1. Together, our results demonstrate that apoplastic ROS generation and scavenging occur in tandem in response to pathogen attack; also, the rapid balancing of redox to maintain homeostasis after the ROS burst, which involves GbNRX1, is critical for the apoplastic immune response.Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is one of the most economically important crops worldwide and a number of pathogens affect the growth and development of cotton plants. The soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) causes the destructive vascular disease Verticillium wilt, which results in devastating reductions in plant mass, lint yield, and fiber quality (Bolek et al., 2005; Cai et al., 2009). To date, Verticillium wilt has not been effectively controlled in the most common cultivated cotton species, upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), and cultivars with stably inherited resistance to this disease are currently unavailable (Aguado et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2012a). Unlike upland cotton, sea-island cotton (Gossypium barbadense), which is only cultivated on a small scale, possesses Verticillium wilt resistance. Exploring the molecular mechanisms involved in the defense responses against V. dahliae invasion in G. barbadense can provide useful information for generating wilt-resistant G. hirsutum species through molecular breeding.During the past decades, progress has been made in studying the defense responses against V. dahliae infection in cotton. Global analyses have demonstrated that several signaling pathways, including those mediated by salicylic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and brassinosteroids, activate distinct processes involved in V. dahliae defense (Bari and Jones, 2009; Grant and Jones, 2009; Gao et al., 2013a). Accumulating evidence indicates that many V. dahliae-responsive genes, such as GbWARKY1, GhSSN, GbERF, GhMLP28, GhNDR1, GhMKK2, and GhBAK1 (Qin et al., 2004; Gao et al., 2011, 2013b; Li et al., 2014a; Sun et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2015), play crucial roles in defense against Verticillium wilt. In addition, the biosynthesis of terpenoids, lignin, and gossypol also makes important contributions to V. dahliae resistance in cotton (Tan et al., 2000; Luo et al., 2001; Xu et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2013a). Together, these studies have greatly improved our understanding of the complex innate defense systems against V. dahliae infection in cotton.The initial interaction between plants and pathogens takes place in the apoplast, the compartment of the plant cell outside the cell membrane, including the cell wall and intercellular space (Dietz, 1997). In response to pathogen colonization, the attacked plant cells undergo significant cellular and molecular changes, such as reinforcement of the cell wall and secretion of antimicrobial molecules into the apoplastic space (Bednarek et al., 2010). Thus, the apoplast serves as the first line of defense against microbe invasion, and apoplast immunity can be considered an important component of the plant immune response to pathogens.Upon recognition of pathogen infection, rapid production of reactive oxygen species [the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst] occurs in the apoplast (Lamb and Dixon, 1997; Torres et al., 2006; Torres, 2010). This ROS burst is regarded as a core component of the early plant immune response (Daudi et al., 2012; Doehlemann and Hemetsberger, 2013). During defense responses, apoplastic ROS can diffuse into the cytoplasm and serve as signals, interacting with other signaling processes such as phosphorylation cascades, calcium signaling, and hormone-mediated pathways (Kovtun et al., 2000; Mou et al., 2003). Apoplastic ROS can also directly strengthen the host cell walls by oxidative cross linking of glycoproteins (Bradley et al., 1992; Lamb and Dixon, 1997) or the precursors of lignin and suberin polymers (Hückelhoven, 2007). Moreover, apoplastic ROS can directly affect pathogens by degrading nucleic acids and peptides from microbes or causing lipid peroxidation and membrane damage in the microbe (Mehdy, 1994; Lamb and Dixon, 1997; Apel and Hirt, 2004; Montillet et al., 2005).ROS levels in the apoplast increase rapidly in response to a variety of pathogens, but subsequently return to basal levels. The rapid production and dissipation of apoplastic ROS indicate that this process is finely regulated. Two classes of enzymes, NADPH oxidases and class III peroxidases, account for the rapid ROS burst in the apoplast (Bolwell et al., 1995; O’Brien et al., 2012). NADPH oxidases are directly phosphorylated by the receptor-like kinase BIK1 to enhance ROS generation (Li et al., 2014b). Also, due to the toxicity of high levels of ROS, plants have evolved enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms to eliminate ROS, thereby preventing or reducing oxidative damage (Rahal et al., 2014; Torres et al., 2006). However, the molecular system responsible for the regulation of apoplastic ROS homeostasis during the immune response is not well understood.In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the apoplastic proteomes in control roots compared with V. dahliae-inoculated roots of Gossypium barbadense (wilt-resistant sea-island cotton) using the two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) technique. Among the differentially expressed apoplastic proteins, ROS-related proteins were found to be major components, including a thioredoxin, GbNRX1, which functions as an ROS scavenger in response to V. dahliae infection. Knock-down of GbNRX1 expression in cotton by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) resulted in reduced resistance to V. dahliae. Our results demonstrate that maintaining apoplastic ROS homeostasis is a crucial component of the apoplastic immune response and that GbNRX1 is an important regulator of this process. 相似文献
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Weiliang Qi Yao Tang Wei Zhu Daiyan Li Chengdou Diao Lili Xu Jian Zeng Yi Wang Xing Fan Lina Sha Haiqin Zhang Youliang Zheng Yonghong Zhou Houyang Kang 《Planta》2016,244(2):405-416