Occurrence of lysosomes and the differentiation of rat liver cells

Summary The occurrence of lysosomes has been investigated electron microscopically and cytochemically in cells of rat liver in the course of ontogenesis.It has been found that primary lysosomes occur during the whole period under investigation and that they originate from the Golgi complex. Some of them assume the appearance of multivesicular bodies. Acid phosphatase activity is lower at the prenatal stage than after the birth. The occurrence of secondary lysosomes proceeds in two stages. Secondary lysosomes appear in a high number at the beginning of differentiation of the liver diverticulum (10–12 day of embryonic life). On the subsequent days they are, with few exceptions, no more present. At the end of the embryonic period (starting with the 20th day) and especially after the birth, they progressively grow in number and move from the region of central cytoplasm peripherally towards the bile capillary.Differences in occurrence of secondary lysosomes are in connexion with reconstruction of the liver primordium at the beginning of liver development and with the change in metabolism of the liver cell after the birth.     

A propos des ≪chloride cells≫ dans l'épithélium des lamelles branchiales du poisson rouge

Résumé L'ultrastructure des lamelles branchiales et spécialement celle des chloride cells du poisson rouge (Carassius aureus) a été étudiée. Nous avons constaté que du matériel amorphe floconneux, faiblement adiélectronique était attaché aux endroits des creux apicaux. Afin de préciser la nature de ce matériel, nous avons étudié ces structures au microscope électronique avec les techniques suivantes: acide periodique méthènamine d'argent, colorations au fer colloïdal et au bleu d'alcian. Après la réaction à l'acide periodique méthènamine d'argent, de fines précipitations aux endroits des creux apicaux, correspondant au matériel floconneux visible après la fixation au glutaraldéhyde tétroxyde d'osmium, étaient visibles. La coloration au bleu d'alcian révélait des particules fortement colorées formant un film plus ou moins continu à la surface libre des lamelles, sauf aux endroits oò les chloride cells sont en contact avec la surface. Là et notamment dans les 2reux apicaux, du matériel légèrement granuleux, de faible densité, faisait une couche assez épaisse attachée à la membrane cellulaire. Tenant compte des résultats d'autres auteurs et de nos propres observations, nous considérons que la plus grande partie du matériel se trouvant à la surface des chloride cells, et particulièrement dans les creux apicaux, est de type glycoprotéique.

---

The ultrastructure of the chloride cells in the gill epithelium of the goldfish

Summary The ultrastructure of the secondary lamellae of the gills and especially that of the chloride cells of Carassius aureus was studied. We found an amorphous, flakey, slightly adielectronic material in the areas of the apical pits. In order to determine the nature of this material, we studied these structures electronmicroscopically applying the periodic acid silver methenamine, colloidal iron and alcian blue methods. The periodic acid silver methenamine reaction, resulted in finely dispersed precipitations which were deposited in the areas of the apical pits and which correspond to the flakey material seen in the ordinary electron micrographs. The alcian blue method reveales strongly stained particles which form a more or less continuous film on the free surface of the lamellae, interrupted only at the level of the chloride cells. In these areas, notably within the apical pits, a rather thick layer of finely granular low-density material is attached to the plasma membrane. In taking into account other studies performed on this subject, as well as our own observations, we consider the material found on the surface of the chloride cells and particularly within their apical pits to be predominantly of glycoproteinous nature.

---

---

Dédié à Monsieur le Professeur Dr Ernst Horstmann, Hambourg, à l'occasion de son soixantième anniversaire.     

On the validity of the genusDactylococcopsis (Cyanophyceae)

Summary The genusDactylococcopsis Hansg. 1888 (Cyanophyceae) is based on the typeD. rupestris, which was later identified as a green algae. Most of the many species described later were also placed to other groups of algae. Several authors even doubted about the existence of the genus. As, however, some species of Cyanophyceae correspond to the original generic diagnosis, the name Dactylococcopsis Hansg. ex R. et F.Chod. 1925 has been proposed as a nomen conservandum, and a new type (D. smithii R. et F.Chod.) has been defined. Further speciesD. linearis Geitl. 1935 and D.Planctonica Teil. 1942 has been unambiguously described till now.     

Chromosome counts of some Mongolian plants

The paper gives the chromosome numbers of 45 species from 72 Mongolian localities, belonging to the genera:Amygdalus, Asparagus, Astragalus, Cancrinia, Caragana, Chamaerhodos, Chelidonium, Chesneya, Dianthus, Hypecoum, Lathyrus, Lilium, Oxytropis, Papaver, Potentilla, Schizonepeta, Sibbaldia, Thermopsis, Trifolium, Trigonella, Vicia. Chromosome morphology of three species ofChamaerhodos and taxonomical remarks on some other species are added. A new combinationSibbaldia sericea (Grubov) Soják is proposed.     

Attempt at quantitative analysis of interindividual variability in stress response of leucocyte levels in mice from the viewpoint of control theory

Summary The authors studied the dependence between the ability of systems regulating the level of peripheral leucocytes to damp the fluctuations of this level, occurring under conditions of repeated stressing of the organism by non-specific stress factors (isolation, starvation, handling for blood withdrawal) and the tolerance of the organism to the action of ionizing radiation (summary exposure to X-rays leading to death at repeated irradiation). This regulatory ability was expressed with the aid of the slope (coefficientb) of regression between the leucocytary valuesx _i, fluctuating in time, and the subsequent differences _i ( _i =x _i+1–x _i ). The highest tolerance to lethal action of radiation is correlated to such a regulatory behaviour of the organism at which the time necessary for adaptation of the system is shortest. The authors point out the suitability of the employed regulatory characteristic for the quantitative study of adaptability and resistance of the organism and its relatedness to the damping ratio, used in the automatic control theory.     

Postnatal differentiation of the Golgi apparatus and the dendrites of Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum

Summary The morphology of postnatal differentiation of the Golgi apparatus, the nucleus, the perikaryon, and the dendrites was studied in Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum for 30 days after birth using histochemical, histological, and electron microscopic methods.The Golgi apparatus during differentiation undergoes morphological and positional changes. From the 1st to 7th postnatal day, the Golgi apparatus is found in a supranuclear position, and is connected with the axes of differentiating primary dendrites by beam-like processes. From days 8 to 11 this connection disappears, and most of the Golgi apparatus assumes a lateronuclear and infranuclear position. After the 11th or 12th day, the Golgi apparatus is found in perinuclear and peripheral cytoplasmic positions. The formation of granular endoplasmic reticulum occurs in the vicinity of the perinuclear Golgi apparatus. The differentiation of cell and nuclear forms requires approximately 20 days. The morphological changes of differentiation are discussed in relation to the participation of the Golgi apparatus in the differentiation of dendrites and in the formation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum.     

Kymatocalyx Herz. in Mittelamerika

Summary A second species of the hitherto monotypic genusKymatocalyx Herz. is described and figured in detail. The new combinationKymatocalyx dominicensis (Spruce) comb. nova is proposed.     

Die wirkung der β-(3-Pyridyl)-propion-und der β-(3-Pyridyl)-acrylsäure auf die Atmung der Wurzeln vonSinapis alba L.

V práci byly studovány rozdíly v ú?innosti kyseliny β-(3-pyridyl)-propionové (VIII) a β-(3-pyridyl)-akrylové (IX) v závislosti na stupni nenasycení pobo?ného ?etězce. Obě kyseliny inhibují r?st ko?ene i hypokotyluSinapis alba L. a zp?sobují inhibici sukcinátdehydrogenázového enzymového systému. Kyselina IX inhibuje zmíněný systém p?ibli?ně na dvojnásobek inhibice kyseliny VIII. Cytochromoxydázový systém z?stává témě? neovlivněn. Na základě experimen tálních výsledk? byla zp?esněna strukturní podmínka fytotoxické aktivity modelových slou?enin typu I v tom smyslu, ?e v?echny slou?eniny této struktury inhibují kromě r?stu také aktivitu sukcinátdehydrogenázového systému.     

Peroxidases of different parts of the pumpkin plant (Cucurbita pepo L.)

We compared the occurrence of peroxidase isozymes in protein extract from roots, hypocotyls and cotyledons of 10 dayCucurbita pepo plants and of adult leaves of older plants by means of starch gel and polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis. We reached maximum discrimination by means of starch gel electrophoresis: 11 zones were ascertained on the cathode side and about 2 on the anode side at pH 3.1. Two zones occurred regularly:A and (the latter having a more complicated structure). ZoneD is characteristic for roots, but is it suppressed and seldom found with leaves. On the other hand zonesC ₁ andC ₂ are clearly discernible with leaves but are substantially less evident with roots. The character of anodic zoneZ is discussed later in this paper.