Eph receptors and their ligands: Promising molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer

Although at present, there is a high incidence of prostate cancer, particularly in the Western world, mortality from this disease is declining and occurs primarily only from clinically significant late stage tumors with a poor prognosis. A major current focus of this field is the identification of new biomarkers which can detect earlier, and more effectively, clinically significant tumors from those deemed “low risk”, as well as predict the prognostic course of a particular cancer. This strategy can in turn offer novel avenues for targeted therapies. The large family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, the Ephs, and their binding partners, the ephrins, has been implicated in many cancers of epithelial origin through stimulation of oncogenic transformation, tumor angiogenesis, and promotion of increased cell survival, invasion and migration. They also show promise as both biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic value and as targeted therapies in cancer. This review will briefly discuss the complex roles and biological mechanisms of action of these receptors and ligands and, with regard to prostate cancer, highlight their potential as biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis, their application as imaging agents, and current approaches to assessing them as therapeutic targets. This review demonstrates the need for future studies into those particular family members that will prove helpful in understanding the biology and potential as targets for treatment of prostate cancer.     

Does avian malaria reduce fledging success: an experimental test of the selection hypothesis

Like many parasites, avian haematozoa are often found at lower infection intensities in older birds than young birds. One explanation, known as the “selection” hypothesis, is that infected young birds die before reaching adulthood, thus removing the highest infection intensities from the host population. We tested this hypothesis in the field by experimentally infecting nestling rock pigeons (Columba livia) with the malaria parasite Haemoproteus columbae. We compared the condition and fledging success of infected nestlings to that of uninfected controls. There was no significant difference in the body mass, fledging success, age at fledging, or post-fledging survival of experimental versus control birds. These results were unexpected, given that long-term studies of older pigeons have demonstrated chronic effects of H. columbae. We conclude that H. columbae has little impact on nestling pigeons, even when they are directly infected with the parasite. Our study provides no support for the selection hypothesis that older birds have lower parasite loads because parasites are removed from the population by infected nestlings dying. To our knowledge, this is the first study to test the impact of avian malaria using experimental inoculations under natural conditions.     

Subsurface behavior of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) interacting with fish trawl nets in northwestern Australia: Implications for bycatch mitigation

Most studies of delphinid‐trawler interactions have documented the surface behavior of dolphins feeding on discarded bycatch, but not their subsurface behavior around demersal trawl gear. Using video cameras mounted inside trawl nets, we recorded the subsurface behavior of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in a demersal fish trawl fishery in northwestern Australia. Footage from 36 trawls across the fishery was analyzed to determine the extent of dolphin‐gear interactions and the behavior of dolphins inside the nets. Interaction rates were high, with dolphins present inside and outside the nets during 29 and 34 trawls, respectively, and for up to 99% of the trawl duration. The proportion of foraging behaviors exhibited inside the nets was higher than the proportions of traveling and socializing behaviors. Twenty‐nine individuals were identified inside the net, seven of which returned repeatedly within and between trawls and fishing trips, but were observed primarily in the same localized areas in which they were first recorded. Our results suggest that entering trawl nets may be a frequently occurring, yet specialized behavior exhibited by a small subset of trawler‐associated dolphins. We propose that gear modifications, not spatial or temporal adjustments to fishing effort, have the greatest potential to reduce dolphin bycatch.     

Cardiovascular disease after Escherichia coli O157:H7 gastroenteritis

Background:

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis, which can be devastating in outbreak situations. We studied the risk of cardiovascular disease following such an outbreak in Walkerton, Ontario, in May 2000.

Methods:

In this community-based cohort study, we linked data from the Walkerton Health Study (2002–2008) to Ontario’s large healthcare databases. We included 4 groups of adults: 3 groups of Walkerton participants (153 with severe gastroenteritis, 414 with mild gastroenteritis, 331 with no gastroenteritis) and a group of 11 263 residents from the surrounding communities that were unaffected by the outbreak. The primary outcome was a composite of death or first major cardiovascular event (admission to hospital for acute myocardial infarction, stroke or congestive heart failure, or evidence of associated procedures). The secondary outcome was first major cardiovascular event censored for death. Adults were followed for an average of 7.4 years.

Results:

During the study period, 1174 adults (9.7%) died or experienced a major cardiovascular event. Compared with residents of the surrounding communities, the risk of death or cardiovascular event was not elevated among Walkerton participants with severe or mild gastroenteritis (hazard ratio [HR] for severe gastroenteritis 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38–1.43, mild gastroenteritis HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42–0.98). Compared with Walkerton participants who had no gastroenteritis, risk of death or cardiovascular event was not elevated among participants with severe or mild gastroenteritis.

Interpretation:

There was no increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease in the decade following acute infection during a major E. coli O157:H7 outbreak.Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis, causing 63 000 infections each year and 12 major outbreaks since 2006 in the United States alone.^1,2 This strain was most recently implicated in the outbreak involving beef from XL Foods (September 2012), with 17 confirmed cases across Canada.³ A similar enterohemorrhagic strain E. coli O104:H4 was responsible for an outbreak in Germany in May 2011, causing 3792 cases of gastroenteritis and 43 deaths.^4,5Most patients fully recover from acute gastroenteritis caused by E. coli. However, such an illness may predispose patients to long-term disease. Shiga toxin is produced by E. coli O157:H7; this toxin damages the microvasculature of the kidneys leading to hypertension^6–13 and directly damages the systemic vasculature.^14–16 Infected people may progress from a state of acute inflammation of the vasculature to subclinical chronic inflammation, which could promote atherosclerosis.^17–20In Walkerton, Ontario, in May 2000, heavy rains transported bovine fecal matter into the town’s well, contaminating the inadequately chlorinated municipal water supply with E. coli O157:H7.²¹ Over 2300 people developed acute gastroenteritis, and 7 people died.²² The unique circumstances of this outbreak provided a rare opportunity to study the natural history following exposure to this pathogen in a single cohort.²³ Other outbreaks have been geographically dispersed, making it difficult to track cases.^24,25In Walkerton, affected individuals were followed annually in a clinic to assess their long-term outcomes (Walkerton Health Study, 2002–2008). We previously reported that adults who experienced acute gastroenteritis during the outbreak had a higher than expected incidence of hypertension, chronic kidney disease and self-reported cardiovascular disease in follow-up.²³ However, 46% of participants were lost to follow-up by the end of the study, and there were limitations associated with the assessment of cardiovascular disease by participant recall. Thus, we conducted an expanded and extended follow-up study, linking the Walkerton study data to Ontario’s health care databases. Our objective was to more accurately determine the 10-year risk of major cardiovascular events after exposure to E. coli O157:H7.     

Identifying human-rhesus macaque gene orthologs using heterospecific SNP probes

We genotyped a Chinese and an Indian-origin rhesus macaque using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 and cataloged 85,473 uniquely mapping heterospecific SNPs. These SNPs were assigned to rhesus chromosomes according to their probe sequence alignments as displayed in the human and rhesus reference sequences. The conserved gene order (synteny) revealed by heterospecific SNP maps is in concordance with that of the published human and rhesus macaque genomes.Using these SNPs' original human rs numbers, we identified 12,328 genes annotated in humans that are associated with these SNPs, 3674 of which were found in at least one of the two rhesus macaques studied. Due to their density, the heterospecific SNPs allow fine-grained comparisons, including approximate boundaries of intra- and extra-chromosomal rearrangements involving gene orthologs, which can be used to distinguish rhesus macaque chromosomes from human chromosomes.     

Kairomonal Responses of Natural Enemies and Associates of the Southern Ips (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to Ipsdienol, Ipsenol and Cis-Verbenol

Bark beetle infested pines are an ephemeral habitat utilized by a diverse assemblage of insects. Although many bark beetle insect associates have little or no measurable impact on bark beetle brood production, some reduce brood production by either competing with brood for the limited phloem tissue or by feeding on brood. Several studies have observed synchrony between the colonization of hosts by bark beetles and the arrival of insect associates. Some insect associates mediate synchrony with bark beetle mass attacks with kairomonal responses to bark beetle aggregation pheromones. The objectives of this study were to document the community of Coleoptera associated with the southern Ips (Ips avulsus, Ips calligraphus and Ips grandicollis) and to test the hypothesis that synchrony of insect associates with the southern Ips is mediated by kairomonal responses to aggregation pheromones. A large community of Coleoptera (109 species) was recorded from traps baited with southern Ips pheromones. A significant treatment effect was observed for the guilds of meristem feeders, natural enemies and woodborers. The southern Ips pheromone ipsenol was broadly attractive to meristem feeders, natural enemies and woodborers and in general blends were more attractive than individual compounds. These results demonstrate that a diverse community of Coleoptera is associated with the southern Ips and that several members of this community facilitate synchrony with kairomonal responses to southern Ips aggregation pheromones.