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71.
Hematophagous arthropods that transmit the etiological agents of arthropod-borne diseases have become the focus of anti-vector vaccines, targeted mainly at components of their saliva and midgut. These efforts have been directed mostly towards developing species-specific vaccines. An alternative is to target cross-reactive epitopes that have been preserved during evolution of the arthropods. The N- and O-linked glycans that are attached to arthropod glycoproteins are one of the potential targets of this pan-arthropod vaccine approach. Here, we discuss how genetically modified Drosophila melanogaster cells can be used to synthesize and to deliver these arthropod glycans to vertebrate hosts. 相似文献
72.
William T. Bean H. Scott Butterfield Craig Fiehler David Hacker Jeanette K. Howard Russell Namitz Brandon Swanson Thomas J. Batter 《The Journal of wildlife management》2024,88(2):e22523
Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), a symbol of western North America, experienced diverging population trajectories since the mid-twentieth century, with northern populations showing signs of recovery while those in the arid Southwest have struggled to persist. We conducted a systematic literature review of papers published through August 2023 to understand 3 questions. What are the habitat conditions needed for pronghorn to persist? What management actions can be taken to foster higher quality habitat? Do these actions differ for populations in the arid Southwest compared to their northern counterparts? Although the fundamental habitat requirements for pronghorn persistence have remained constant since the early 2000s, it has become clear that precipitation is a key factor influencing pronghorn populations in the arid Southwest. The precise mechanisms by which precipitation influences pronghorn population dynamics are not yet clear, whether through the availability of free water, by affecting forage quality, or indirectly via predator-prey dynamics. Although range-wide forage enhancement may be impractical, providing additional free water sources could facilitate greater movement, enabling pronghorn to access more and higher quality forage and areas with lower predation risk. To clarify how pronghorn persisted for thousands of years in this harsh environment, we must gain a better understanding of their historical metapopulation and migratory behaviors in the arid Southwest. 相似文献
73.
Disruption of cholesterol metabolism has been hypothesized to contribute to dementia, possibly due to its role in maintaining
membrane fluidity as well as the integrity of lipid rafts. Previously, we reported an apparent inverse relationship between
membrane cholesterol levels and those of GM1, another lipid that can be found in rafts. This paper describes the observation
that red blood cell (RBC) membranes isolated from blood drawn from children diagnosed with autism have on the average significantly
less cholesterol and significantly more GM1 than RBC membranes isolated from blood obtained from control children. While cholesterol
in the circulation does not cross the blood brain barrier, a generalized defect in its synthesis could affect its concentration
in the central nervous system and that, coupled with a change in ganglioside expression, could contribute to development of
the behaviors associated with autism. 相似文献
74.
75.
Lee AC Ramanujulu PM Poulsen A Williams M Blanchard S Ma DM Bonday Z Goh KL Goh KC Goh MK Wood J Dymock BW 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2012,22(12):4023-4027
Ligand efficient fragments binding to PDK1 were identified by an NMR fragment-based screening approach. Computational modeling of the fragments bound to the active site led to the design and synthesis of a series of novel 6,7-disubstituted thienopyrimidin-4-one compounds, with low micromolar inhibitory activity against PDK1 in a biochemical enzyme assay. 相似文献
76.
Guo Y Cai Q Samuels DC Ye F Long J Li CI Winther JF Tawn EJ Stovall M Lähteenmäki P Malila N Levy S Shaffer C Shyr Y Shu XO Boice JD 《Mutation research》2012,744(2):154-160
The human mitochondrial genome has an exclusively maternal mode of inheritance. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is particularly vulnerable to environmental insults due in part to an underdeveloped DNA repair system, limited to base excision and homologous recombination repair. Radiation exposure to the ovaries may cause mtDNA mutations in oocytes, which may in turn be transmitted to offspring. We hypothesized that the children of female cancer survivors who received radiation therapy may have an increased rate of mtDNA heteroplasmy mutations, which conceivably could increase their risk of developing cancer and other diseases. We evaluated 44 DNA blood samples from 17 Danish and 1 Finnish families (18 mothers and 26 children). All mothers had been treated for cancer as children and radiation doses to their ovaries were determined based on medical records and computational models. DNA samples were sequenced for the entire mitochondrial genome using the Illumina GAII system. Mother's age at sample collection was positively correlated with mtDNA heteroplasmy mutations. There was evidence of heteroplasmy inheritance in that 9 of the 18 families had at least one child who inherited at least one heteroplasmy site from his or her mother. No significant difference in single nucleotide polymorphisms between mother and offspring, however, was observed. Radiation therapy dose to ovaries also was not significantly associated with the heteroplasmy mutation rate among mothers and children. No evidence was found that radiotherapy for pediatric cancer is associated with the mitochondrial genome mutation rate in female cancer survivors and their children. 相似文献
77.
Of the seven sea turtle species, the critically endangered leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) exhibits the lowest and most variable nest success (i.e., hatching success and emergence success) for reasons that remain largely unknown. In an attempt to identify or rule out causes of low reproductive success in this species, we established the largest sample size (n = 60–70 for most values) of baseline blood parameters (protein electrophoresis, hematology, plasma biochemistry) for this species to date. Hematologic, protein electrophoretic and biochemical values are important tools that can provide information regarding the physiological condition of an individual and population health as a whole. It has been proposed that the health of nesting individuals affects their reproductive output. In order to establish correlations with low reproductive success in leatherback sea turtles from Florida, we compared maternal health indices to hatching success and emergence success of their nests. As expected, hatching success (median = 57.4%) and emergence success (median = 49.1%) in Floridian leatherbacks were low during the study period (2007–2008 nesting seasons), a trend common in most nesting leatherback populations (average global hatching success = ∼50%). One protein electrophoretic value (gamma globulin protein) and one hematologic value (red blood cell count) significantly correlated with hatching success and emergence success. Several maternal biochemical parameters correlated with hatching success and/or emergence success including alkaline phosphatase activity, blood urea nitrogen, calcium, calcium∶phosphorus ratio, carbon dioxide, cholesterol, creatinine, and phosphorus. Our results suggest that in leatherbacks, physiological parameters correlate with hatching success and emergence success of their nests. We conclude that long-term and comparative studies are needed to determine if certain individuals produce nests with lower hatching success and emergence success than others, and if those individuals with evidence of chronic suboptimal health have lower reproductive success. 相似文献
78.
Embers ME Barthold SW Borda JT Bowers L Doyle L Hodzic E Jacobs MB Hasenkampf NR Martin DS Narasimhan S Phillippi-Falkenstein KM Purcell JE Ratterree MS Philipp MT 《PloS one》2012,7(1):e29914
The persistence of symptoms in Lyme disease patients following antibiotic therapy, and their causes, continue to be a matter of intense controversy. The studies presented here explore antibiotic efficacy using nonhuman primates. Rhesus macaques were infected with B. burgdorferi and a portion received aggressive antibiotic therapy 4-6 months later. Multiple methods were utilized for detection of residual organisms, including the feeding of lab-reared ticks on monkeys (xenodiagnosis), culture, immunofluorescence and PCR. Antibody responses to the B. burgdorferi-specific C6 diagnostic peptide were measured longitudinally and declined in all treated animals. B. burgdorferi antigen, DNA and RNA were detected in the tissues of treated animals. Finally, small numbers of intact spirochetes were recovered by xenodiagnosis from treated monkeys. These results demonstrate that B. burgdorferi can withstand antibiotic treatment, administered post-dissemination, in a primate host. Though B. burgdorferi is not known to possess resistance mechanisms and is susceptible to the standard antibiotics (doxycycline, ceftriaxone) in vitro, it appears to become tolerant post-dissemination in the primate host. This finding raises important questions about the pathogenicity of antibiotic-tolerant persisters and whether or not they can contribute to symptoms post-treatment. 相似文献
79.
Financial stress is widely believed to cause health problems. However, policies seeking to relieve financial stress by limiting debt levels of poor households may directly worsen their economic well-being. We evaluate an alternative policy – increasing the repayment flexibility of debt contracts. A field experiment randomly assigned microfinance clients to a monthly or a traditional weekly installment schedule (N = 200). We used cell phones to gather survey data on income, expenditure, and financial stress every 48 hours over seven weeks. Clients repaying monthly were 51 percent less likely to report feeling “worried, tense, or anxious” about repaying, were 54 percent more likely to report feeling confident about repaying, and reported spending less time thinking about their loan compared to weekly clients. Monthly clients also reported higher business investment and income, suggesting that the flexibility encouraged them to invest their loans more profitably, which ultimately reduced financial stress. 相似文献
80.
Fabian Hezel Christof Thalhammer Sonia Waiczies Jeanette Schulz-Menger Thoralf Niendorf 《PloS one》2012,7(12)
Myocardial tissue characterization using T2
* relaxation mapping techniques is an emerging application of (pre)clinical cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. The increase in microscopic susceptibility at higher magnetic field strengths renders myocardial T2
* mapping at ultrahigh magnetic fields conceptually appealing. This work demonstrates the feasibility of myocardial T2
* imaging at 7.0 T and examines the applicability of temporally-resolved and high spatial resolution myocardial T2
* mapping. In phantom experiments single cardiac phase and dynamic (CINE) gradient echo imaging techniques provided similar T2
* maps. In vivo studies showed that the peak-to-peak B0 difference following volume selective shimming was reduced to approximately 80 Hz for the four chamber view and mid-ventricular short axis view of the heart and to 65 Hz for the left ventricle. No severe susceptibility artifacts were detected in the septum and in the lateral wall for T2
* weighting ranging from TE = 2.04 ms to TE = 10.2 ms. For TE >7 ms, a susceptibility weighting induced signal void was observed within the anterior and inferior myocardial segments. The longest T2
* values were found for anterior (T2
* = 14.0 ms), anteroseptal (T2
* = 17.2 ms) and inferoseptal (T2
* = 16.5 ms) myocardial segments. Shorter T2
* values were observed for inferior (T2
* = 10.6 ms) and inferolateral (T2
* = 11.4 ms) segments. A significant difference (p = 0.002) in T2
* values was observed between end-diastole and end-systole with T2
* changes of up to approximately 27% over the cardiac cycle which were pronounced in the septum. To conclude, these results underscore the challenges of myocardial T2
* mapping at 7.0 T but demonstrate that these issues can be offset by using tailored shimming techniques and dedicated acquisition schemes. 相似文献