Predicting the century‐long post‐fire responses of reptiles

Aim We examined the century‐long post‐fire responses of reptiles to (1) determine the time‐scales over which fauna – fire relationships occur, (2) assess the capacity of a conceptual model to predict faunal response to fire, and (3) investigate the degree to which models of fauna – fire relationships can predict species occurrence and are transferable across space. Location A 104,000 km² area in the semi‐arid Murray Mallee region of south‐eastern Australia. Methods We surveyed reptiles at 280 sites across a century‐long post‐fire chronosequence. We developed generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) of the relationship between time since fire and the occurrence of 17 species in two subregions, and compared modelled responses with predictions derived from the conceptual model. The predictive capacity of GAMMs was then assessed (1) within the subregion the model was developed and (2) when transferred into a novel subregion. Results Eleven species displayed a significant relationship with time‐since‐fire, with changes in species probability of occurrence continuing up to 100 years post‐fire. Predictions of the timing of species post‐fire peak in occurrence were accurate for 9 of 13 species models for which a significant fire response was detected, but little success was achieved in predicting the shape of a species' response. GAMMs predicted species occurrence more accurately when applied within the subregion in which they were developed than when transferred into a novel subregion, primarily due to some species responding to fire more strongly in one part of their geographic range. Main conclusions Fire influences the occurrence of reptiles in semi‐arid ecosystems over century‐long time frames. Habitat‐use conceptual models have value in predicting the peak occurrence of species following fire, particularly for species with distributions strongly shaped by fire. Species relationships with fire can differ across their geographic range, probably associated with variation in climatic influences on post‐fire succession and the consequent provision of habitat resources.     

Rooted leaves for physiological experiments

Summary Rooted leaves provide convenient material for investigating various physiological processes. Details are given for producing rooted leaves of species with tuberous roots, e.g. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) and species with tap roots, e.g. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and Runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus). The storage root formed on a single sugar-beet leaf develops concentric cambia suggesting that their formation is not determined by particular leaves.     

Host-Finding and Invasion by Entomopathogenic and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: Evaluating the Ability of Laboratory Bioassays to Predict Field Results

Directly viewing soil-dwelling entomopathogenic and plant-parasitic nematodes in situ is difficult, if not impossible. As a result, researchers have developed a diverse array of bioassays which assess nematode behavioral traits within arenas designed to simulate various aspects of the natural habitat. However, reliably rendering what we can see in the laboratory into accurate predictions of how nematodes achieve their objectives in the field is challenging. In the current review, we systemically assessed the goals and attributes of several of the assays most commonly used to investigate nematode host finding and host invasion behavior. By illuminating the relative strengths and limitations of each assay, we hope to improve our ability to develop meaningful predictions for the field.