Mixed-species bird flocks in dipterocarp forest of north-central Burma (Myanmar)

We studied the bird community in deciduous, dipterocarp forest of north-central Burma (Myanmar) during December 1994, March 1996, and January 1997 and 1999. Most members of this community participated in mixed-species flocks. Seventy-three flocks were encountered during our study, containing 52 species. Of these, 25 species occurred in more than 10% of flocks, and were included in our analyses. There were 26 significant correlations among species pairs, 25 of which were positive. Cluster analysis indicated that there were three principal types of flocks: one consisting mostly of small passerines and picids, commonly including Common Wood-Shrike, Small Minivet and White-browed Fantail, among others; a second type consisting mainly of sylviids, e.g. Arctic, Dusky and Radde's Warblers; and a third type which generally centred around Greater and Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrushes. Bird-eating hawks were numerous at these sites, and we witnessed several attacks on flocks during the study. Thus we infer that enhanced protection from predation is an important benefit conferred by flock membership. In contrast, there was little overlap in foraging behaviour among species, suggesting that foraging facilitation is a relatively minor benefit enjoyed by flock members, although we did observe White-browed Fantails and Greater Racket-tailed Drongos kleptoparasitizing other species on occasion.     

Double trouble for grasshopper molecular systematics: intra-individual heterogeneity of both mitochondrial 12S-valine-16S and nuclear internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequences in Hesperotettix viridis (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Abstract.  Hesperotettix viridis grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae) exhibit intra-individual variation in both mitochondrial 12S-valine-16S and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA sequences. These findings violate core assumptions underlying DNA sequence data obtained via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for use in molecular systematics investigations. Undetected intra-individual variation of this sort can confound phylogenetic analyses at a range of taxonomic levels. The use of a DNA extraction protocol designed to enrich mitochondrial DNA as well as an initial long PCR of approximately 40% of the grasshopper mitochondrial genome failed to control for the presence of paralogous mitochondrial DNA-like sequences within individuals. These findings constitute the first demonstration of intra-individual heterogeneity in mitochondrial DNA-like sequences in the grasshopper subfamily, Melanoplinae, and only the second report of intra-individual variation in nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA sequences in grasshoppers. The fact that intra-individual variation was detected in two independent DNA marker sets in the same organism strengthens the notion that the orthology of PCR-derived DNA sequences should be examined thoroughly prior to their use in molecular phylogenetic analyses or as DNA barcodes.     

Village Drift and Riverine Settlement: Modeling Akimel O'odham Land Use

Regular unscheduled movements of rancherías within a confined area or settlement district result in the phenomenon described as "village drift," a process whereby a settlement may change its location gradually by several kilometers over a period of years. This article presents a model of village drift based on data acquired from recent archaeological and geomorphological field studies and archival research on the Akimel O'odham, the Gila River Pima of south-central Arizona. The model provides an excellent example of human ecodynamics---an emerging landscape perspective that emphasizes the coevolution of humans and their ecosystem---with implications for understanding prehistoric and historic settlement in desert riverine environments.     

The Membrane-Bound Forms of the Mitochondrial ATPase of Turnip (Brassica napus L.) and Mung Bean (Phaseolus aureus): Characterization and Investigation of Factors Controlling Activity

Isolated intact plant mitochondria, including those from turnipand mung bean, show low endogenous Mg²⁺-ATPase activity and,unlike mammalian mitochondria, lack significant uncoupler-stimulatedATPase activity. In contrast, the rates of respiration-drivenATP synthesis are comparable to those in mammalian mitochondria,suggesting the presence of an ATPase inhibitor. Disruption ofintact turnip mitochondria only results in limited increasesin ATPase activity, indicating that a permeability barrier toATP transport is not primarily responsible for the low endogenousactivity. The ATPase activity of turnip mitochondria and membraneparticles can be increased up to 50-fold when assayed underoptimum conditions. Time-dependent increases in activity inducedby ageing, exposure to salts and trypsin treatment, are allconsistent with an inhibitor protein being responsible for thelow endogenous activity and lack of uncoupler-stimulation. TheATPase activity of particles under optimum conditions and afterageing is sufficient to account for the rates of ATP synthesis.After activation, turnip mitochondrial ATPase activity is similarto the mammalian enzyme in inhibitor sensitivity, pH optimum,bivalent cation requirement, and sensitivity to ‘activatinganions’. In mung bean mitochondria, a permeability barrierto ATP is only partly responsible for the low endogenous ATPaseactivity, together with the inhibitory factor. On the basisof variation in the relative Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ -ATPase activitiesafter various treatments, a Ca²⁺-regulatory site which affectsATPase activity is proposed to exist in the F₁ATPase complex. Key words: Plant mitochondrial ATPase, calcium/magnesium -ATPase, inhibitor+ nucleotide specificity, cation/anion effects     

Potential novel hosts for the lily leaf beetle Lilioceris lilii Scopoli (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eastern North America

Abstract.  1. Introduced insects often incorporate native plants into their diets and might be expected to show a predilection for novel hosts that are phylogenetically related to their normal hosts. The lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an introduced pest of cultivated lilies. Oviposition behaviour, larval behaviour, and development of L. lilii was examined on a range of potential host plants, as well as on the normal host, Asiatic hybrid lilies Lilium sp.
2. Neonate larval feeding behaviour was quantified on 15 food plant species: 10 from the Liliales, three from the Asparagales and two eudicots. Larvae fed plants closely related to the genus Lilium were more likely to initiate feeding, less likely to abandon their food leaf, and consumed more leaf area.
3. In no-choice tests, females oviposited on the novel hosts Lilium philadelphicum , Medeola virginiana , Clintonia borealis , Streptopus amplexifolius , and Polygonatum biflorum ; however, all but L. philadelphicum received very few eggs. Non- Lilium novel hosts were not used for oviposition when presented along with Asiatic lilies in choice tests.
4. A single individual was reared to the adult stage on the novel host S. amplexifolius . Several larvae survived to the pupal stage on M. virginiana , although no adults emerged from those pupae. Larvae reared on the native wood lily L. philadelphicum performed equally well or better than on the Asiatic cultivar.
5. Our results indicate that the lily leaf beetle poses a threat to native Liliaceae. Several native Lilium species, including L. philadelphicum , are threatened or endangered in certain jurisdictions throughout their range; these species should be monitored closely for colonisation by the beetle.     

Age-specific Chaoborus predation on rotifer prey

SUMMARY. 1. This is the first study to examine predator-prey interactions between Chaoborm instars and rotifer prey. The predatory behaviour of instars I–III of Chaoborus pimctipennis and the diet selectivity of instars I—IV feeding on rotifers were examined in the laboratory. Prey used in direct observations of predatory behaviour included a variety of rotifers (Symhacta pectlnata, S. ohUmga, Polyarthra remata, Asplanchna girodi, Keratella crassa, spined and unspined forms of Keratella cochlearis) and two crustaceans (Bosmitia longirostris, Mesocyclops edax nauplii. 2. In general, strike efficiencies (percentage of strikes resulting in inges- tion) increased in successive instars I—III. Early instar (I and II) strike efficiencies were low when compared with other invertebrate predators. For a given instar. mean prey handling times varied among prey species more than strike efficiencies. Mean handling times for small, soft-bodied rotifers were lowest and those for wide, hard-bodied prey were highest. 3. Instar I exhibited significantly greater selectivity for the small, soft- bodied S. obUmga than for the larger S. pectinata, hard-bodied K. crassa, and spined and unspined forms of K. cochlearis. Instars II—IV positively selected both the large and small Symhaeta species over all Keratella species. The relationship between Chaobortts selectivity and prey value (weight of prey per unit handling time) can be described by a power function. Ingestion rates of rotifers by older instars (III and IV) are among the highest reported for invertebrate predators. 4. Rotifer vulnerability to Chaoborus predation probably depended on rotifer cuticle texture, body width, and hydrodynamic disturbances. Spined rotifers were not necessarily protected from Chaoborus predation because Chaohorus can manipulate and swallow them. Giguere et al.'s 1982) encounter rate model must be modified to predict encounter rates of slow-moving rotifer prey with Chaohorus.