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111.
Effects of habitat heterogeneity and local adaptation on the body condition of a forest passerine at the edge of its distributional range 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
ROBERTO CARBONELL JAVIER PÉREZ-TRIS† JOSE LUIS TELLERÍA 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2003,78(4):479-488
We studied fluctuating asymmetry and feather growth rates as indicators of fitness of blackcaps ( Sylvia atricapilla ) breeding at the border of their distribution range in the Iberian Peninsula. Iberian blackcaps increase their abundance with increasing rainfall and ground cover of brambles. In border habitats, they are sedentary and morphologically different from migrants, suggesting that they could be adapted to peripheral conditions. We tested whether juvenile body condition depends on (1) distance from the centre of the range, (2) mean precipitation or (3) bramble cover. Controlling for environmental variation, we tested for differences between migratory and sedentary populations. Body condition varied across the Iberian gradient in parallel with changes in precipitation. Controlling for this effect, sedentary populations were in better body condition than migratory populations. Our results support the idea that environmental heterogeneity causes fitness to fluctuate across species' ranges, and also that local adaptation may mean that peripheral populations are more than a 'tail end' of the species. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 78 , 479–488. 相似文献
112.
NIKOS POULAKAKIS AGLAIA ANTONIOU GEORGIA MANTZIOU ARIS PARMAKELIS THEODORA SKARTSI DIMITRIS VASILAKIS JAVIER ELORRIAGA JAVIER DE LA PUENTE ALEXANDER GAVASHELISHVILI MAMIKON GHASABYAN TODD KATZNER MICHAEL MCGRADY NYAMBAYAR BATBAYAR MARK FULLER TSEVEENMYADAG NATSAGDORJ 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2008,95(4):859-872
The Eurasian black vulture (Aegypius monachus) has experienced a severe decline during the last two centuries and is globally classified as near‐threatened. This has led to the extinction of many traditional breeding areas in Europe and resulted in the present patchy distribution (Iberian and Balkan peninsulas) in the Western Palearctic. In the present study, we describe the current genetic status of the European populations using both mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and nuclear microsatellite markers, comparing with those found in Asia (Mongolia and Caucasus region). Although, mitochondrial (mt)DNA revealed a relatively low genetic variability (haplotype diversity), no evidence of genome‐wide genetic erosion exists because nuclear diversity exhibits normal levels and strong differentiation. A highly philopatric dispersal behaviour must be invoked to explain the existence of a clear pattern that revealed by the phylogeographic analysis, which indicates a sharp East–West clinal distribution and an allopatric differentiation. The distribution of mtDNA haplotypes one in the Iberian population and two in Balkan population and the significance divergence at nuclear loci fulfill the definitions of those populations as evolutionary significant units. We discuss how management strategies should aim at the maintenance (or increase) of current genetic variability levels, suggesting that independent conservation plans are urgently required to protect these two breeding European populations from extinction. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 95 , 859–872. 相似文献
113.
Webbed feet evolved convergently in most groups of aquatic tetrapods. However, extensive webbing is not always limited to an aquatic life style. In Anurans, hind limbs display great variation, including absence, of interdigital membranes, which is explained by differential growth rates of digital and interdigital tissues during early limb development. In order to explore web diversification in anurans, this paper presents analyses of: (1) hind limb early development and its relationship to the expression of interdigital membranes; (2) intraordinal variation of interdigital membranes in adult feet; and (3) intraordinal variation of metatarsal and digit lengths, including comments on metatarsal development. Study of limb development is carried out in larval series of 12 anuran species. Analysis of intraordinal variation comprises a sample of adults of 111 species. We recognize two configurations in the autopodium bud: (1) paddle-like shape with digits differentiated within the confines of interdigital tissues, and (2) pointed autopodium with digits differentiated beyond interdigital tissues. These early differences are conserved in adult morphology, in which allometry and isometry of digit IV (and metatarsal IV) with respect to other digits (and metatarsals) result in asymmetrical and paddle-like autopodium, respectively. The paddle-like autopodium is restricted to fossil and extant pipids and the hylids Pseudis and Lysapsus , whereas the asymmetrical one is present in most anurans. Both configurations seem to represent an early divergence of the autopodium shape. The paddle-like configuration observed in hylids appears as a reversion to an ancient condition that results from a conserved program of limb development. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 152 , 39–58. 相似文献
114.
Seed ecology of a Mediterranean perennial herb with an exceptionally extended flowering and fruiting season 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
F. XAVIER PICÓ JAVIER RETANA 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2003,142(3):273-280
Lobularia maritima is a Mediterranean short-lived herb with a flowering and fruiting season that lasts for ten months. Previous studies have shown that recruitment in periods other than autumn of the flowering season has few demographic implications; that is contributes little to the population growth rate. Since environmental conditions in periods other than autumn would allow recruitment, we examined to what extent the seed ecology of L. maritima accounts for recruitment shortage for the greater part of the year. To this end, we studied the effects of selfing and outcrossing on seed production and germination, within- and between-year variation in seed mass and germination, seed characteristics in the soil seed bank throughout the year, and the effect of temperature as a factor controlling seed germination. Results indicate that selfing does not decrease recruitment, and thus the observed changes in visitation rate and pollinator composition throughout the year cannot account for differences in recruitment. Germinability decreases throughout the year, suggesting a possible cost in reproduction associated with extended flowering. L. maritima has a transient seed bank whose seeds also experience a decrease in their germination throughout the year. Finally, temperature affects seed germination patterns, indicating the existence of quiescence mechanisms that prevent germination in the months prior to the summer drought. Overall, the results obtained support and, at least partly, explain the recruitment patterns of L. maritima observed in the field. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 142 , 273–280. 相似文献
115.
GONZALO NIETO FELINER Fls JAVIER FUERTES AGUILAR JOSEP ANTONI ROSSELLÓ 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2001,135(1):71-84
The taxonomic status of the populations of Armeria from the Horconera massif (Cordoba province), previously misidentified or referred to without an explicit identification, is re-examined on the basis of morphological and molecular data. A multivariate analysis indicates that they can be discriminated from morphologically and geographically close taxa using morphometric characters. According to these results, and taking into account the previous evidence that supports extensive reticulation in the genus, a new species, A. trianoi , is formally described. Molecular evidence from our previous works, in particular the nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data, provides the frame for a discussion on the origin of the new entity. It is suggested that A. trianoi may be the result of introgression of sympatric populations of A. villosa subsp. longiaristata into a pre-existing taxon, possibly A. filicaulis var. minor presently occurring in Sierra Tejeda some 50 km apart. 相似文献
116.
117.
JAVIER LAS HERAS VAZQUEZ FRANCISCO GOMEZ-MERCADO JÓSÉ-LUIS GUIL GUERRERO IGNACIO RODRIGUEZ-GARCÍA FEDERICO GARCÍ-MAROTO 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1999,129(4):345-358
RAPD analysis has been performed for 15 plant populations, covering eight different infraspecific taxa of Sideritis pusilla (Lange) Pau, member of the Lamiaceae endemic to southeastern Spain, and their putative parental species Sideritis hirsuta L. and Sideritis Uucantha Cav. Genetic distances, together with the presence of numerous fixed molecular markers differentiating S. pusilla from its putative ancestors, indicate that it should be considered as a true species. Cladistic and populational analysis led to the allocation of S. pusilla populations into three major groups– osteoxylla, jlavovirens and pusilla/almeriensis –which include taxa previously described as ranging from the varietal to the specific level. Low genetic differentiation among groups revealed by a reduced number of specific molecular markers justify their assignment under the infraspecific range. Moreover, the existence of both morphological and biogeographical differences, supports a status for these groups as subspecies of S. pusilla. Highly significant ( P <0.002) variance partitioning data (AMOVA) extracted from the analysis of individuals within S. pusilla populations show that, of the total genetic diversity, 68.8% was attributable to individual differences within populations, 19.9% to populational differences within groups, and only 11.3% to divergence between groups. This distribution is in agreement with the outcrossing nature of these plants. Comparative analysis of variance within populations reveals a reduced genetic variation for the osteoxylla group, thus supporting its previous consideration as an endangered taxon. 相似文献
118.
119.
JAVIER BUSTAMANTE JOSÉ ANTONIO DONÉZAR FERNANDO HIRALDO OLGA CEBALLOS ALEJANDRO TRAVAINI 《Ibis》1997,139(2):322-330
During the 1992 breeding season, we studied the habitat selection, behaviour, aggressive interactions and diet of immature and adult Grey Eagle-buzzards Geranoaetus melanoleucus in an area of the Argentinean Patagonia. Immature eagles selected areas rich in prey, had no preference for flat or rugged areas and did not avoid areas close to active nests or those used by adult eagles. The density of the European Hare Lepus europaeus was the best predictor of the distribution of immature eagles. Adult eagles preferred rugged to flat areas but were not significantly affected by prey distribution. Immature eagles used flapping flight more frequently than did adult eagles. Wing-flapping frequency of immatures did not differ when flying over slopes or plains. In contrast, adults used a more economic flight with a lower wing-flapping frequency than that of immatures, especially when flying over slopes. Adults, in contrast to immatures, tended to select slopes when flying over predominantly flat country. Only in 22% of the occasions when adult and immatures were seen together were immatures attacked by adults, a rate of aggressive encounters similar to that observed between immatures (32%). This similarity indicates that adults do not actively exclude immatures from certain areas. The main prey of both immature and adult eagles was the introduced European Hare followed by native rodents and birds. Immatures ate significantly more carrion and fewer birds than did adults. These observations suggest that differences in flight behaviour and in the flight silhouette between adult and immature eagles may be responsible for their different habitat selection in relation to topography. While immatures apparently cue on prey density for habitat selection, adults select areas that allow more economic foraging flights 相似文献
120.
XAVIER GLAUDAS JAVIER A. RODRÍGUEZ‐ROBLES 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2011,103(3):681-695
We used radiotelemetric data and behavioural observations to characterize seasonal (mating versus post‐mating seasons) and sexual variation in movement patterns, as well as to examine some of the ecological factors contributing to the evolution of the mating system in a venomous predator from the Mojave Desert of North America, the speckled rattlesnake, Crotalus mitchellii. Mating occurs in spring from late April to early June, shortly after emergence from hibernation, when snakes are predictably aggregated around the dens. Males and females travelled further per unit time in the mating season compared to the post‐mating season. Males also travelled longer distances per unit time than females in the mating and post‐mating seasons, and males with larger home ranges during the mating season had more potential mating partners. The results obtained suggest that males actively locate females during the mating season, and that the drastic increase in distance travelled by males during the mating season may be caused by strong male–male competition for access to females, probably because of the limited availability of sexually receptive females. Furthermore, males fight for access to females, and males of larger size are more likely to acquire females. Therefore, sexual selection apparently acts on two different male phenotypic traits: investment in mate‐searching activities and male body size. The present study demonstrates that combining quantitative spatial analyses and behavioural observations in an explicit temporal context can significantly advance our understanding of the ecology and evolution of organismal mating systems. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 103 , 681–695. 相似文献