CD82 protects against glaucomatous axonal transport deficits via mTORC1 activation in mice

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and is characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration and retinal ganglion cell loss. Axonal transport deficits have been demonstrated to be the earliest crucial pathophysiological changes underlying axonal degeneration in glaucoma. Here, we explored the role of the tetraspanin superfamily member CD82 in an acute ocular hypertension model. We found a transient downregulation of CD82 after acute IOP elevation, with parallel emergence of axonal transport deficits. The overexpression of CD82 with an AAV2/9 vector in the mouse retina improved optic nerve axonal transport and ameliorated subsequent axon degeneration. Moreover, the CD82 overexpression stimulated optic nerve regeneration and restored vision in a mouse optic nerve crush model. CD82 exerted a protective effect through the upregulation of TRAF2, which is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and activated mTORC1 through K63-linked ubiquitylation and intracellular repositioning of Raptor. Therefore, our study offers deeper insight into the tetraspanin superfamily and demonstrates a potential neuroprotective strategy in glaucoma treatment.Subject terms: Molecular neuroscience, Neurodegeneration     

Positional cloning and characterization reveal the role of a miRNA precursor gene ZmLRT in the regulation of lateral root number and drought tolerance in maize

Lateral roots play essential roles in drought tolerance in maize(Zea mays L.). However, the genetic basis for the variation in the number of lateral roots in maize remains elusive. Here, we identified a major quantitative trait locus(QTL),q LRT5-1, controlling lateral root number using a recombinant inbred population from a cross between the maize lines Zong3(with many lateral roots) and 87-1(with few lateral roots).Fine-mapping and functional analysis determined that the candidate gene for qLRT...     

新疆准噶尔盆地周边晚石炭世的珊瑚*

新疆北部准噶尔盆地周边石炭系广泛出露, 其中上石炭统发育海相火山—沉积序列, 包括西准噶尔地区的哈拉阿拉特组、阿腊德依克赛组, 东准噶尔地区的石钱滩组以及盆地南部的祁家沟组、奥尔吐组等。本文研究在上述各地层的灰岩层或夹层、碎屑岩中获得的四射珊瑚9属17种和床板珊瑚2属3种, 对石钱滩组中的3个新种进行了详细的系统古生物学描述。上述珊瑚化石的地质时代主要为巴什基尔期至莫斯科期。在珊瑚动物群的组成上, 哈拉阿拉特组中新发现Caninophyllum属分子, 结合盆地东、西部共同产出的床板珊瑚Cystodendropora 属分子, 说明整个准噶尔盆地周边的动物群面貌大致类似, 而西准噶尔地区的化石丰度、分异度显著低于盆地东部和东南部。综合前人资料, 目前在准噶尔盆地周边发现的珊瑚化石有约一半为地方性分子。本文认为研究区珊瑚化石的分布和组成特征与晚石炭世准噶尔洋走向封闭或半封闭的演化趋势密切相关。     

抗菌药对鲍曼不动杆菌外膜囊泡产量及主要生物学特性的影响

【背景】细菌耐药性已成为全球健康卫生和经济发展的巨大威胁。替加环素是治疗多重耐药肠杆菌所致严重感染的主要药物之一,但在2019年发现了可介导其高水平耐药的可转移替加环素耐药基因tet（X3）。外膜囊泡作为介导水平基因转移的新型方式,在介导tet（X3）水平转移中的作用目前尚无报道。【目的】以tet（X3）阳性替加环素耐药鲍曼不动杆菌34AB为对象,探究不同抗菌药物对其外膜囊泡产量及主要生物学特性的影响。【方法】采用微量肉汤稀释法测定细菌药物敏感性,超速离心法提取细菌外膜囊泡,BCA法测定外膜囊泡产量,使用马尔文纳米粒度电位仪测定外膜囊泡的粒径与电位,PCR法（定性）及RT-qPCR法（定量）检测外膜囊泡中携带的tet（X3）基因。【结果】相较于无抗生素对照组[（0.64±0.04） mg/mL],在不同抗菌药物亚抑菌浓度（1/2 MIC和1/4 MIC）处理后,34AB外膜囊泡的产量均有所增加,以头孢他啶[1/2 MIC,（2.83±0.57） mg/mL;1/4 MIC,（2.38±0.29） mg/mL]和美罗培南[1/2 MIC,（2.19±0.11） mg/mL;1/4 MIC,（1.96±0.37） mg/mL]作用最为显著（p<0.01）。同时抗菌药物作用后,各组外膜囊泡粒径和电位均有所降低,而携带的tet（X3）基因拷贝数均有所上升（2.80×10⁴-2.63×10⁷copies/μL）。【结论】抗菌药物的临床应用可能会导致耐药细菌外膜囊泡产量及携带的耐药基因丰度增加,进而增强其作为水平基因转移载体传播耐药基因的风险。     

安徽巢湖地区石炭系和州组的四射珊瑚

石炭纪密西西比亚纪是四射珊瑚相对繁盛的时期。维宪晚期至谢尔普霍夫期, 受晚古生代大冰期和海西运动的影响, 西欧等不少地区的海相沉积发生相变, 四射珊瑚记录稀少。华南在此时仍广泛发育浅海相碳酸盐岩沉积, 含有丰富的四射珊瑚化石记录。通过对安徽省巢湖地区和州组四射珊瑚的研究, 共鉴定出11属15个种, 其中包含2比较种1、亲近种和3未定种。珊瑚动物群面貌具有典型华南大塘晚期四射珊瑚的特征, 属于Aulina rotiformis带(原Yuanophyllum带上部), 年代为谢尔普霍夫期。和州组的四射珊瑚组合可与湘中梓门桥组上部 Yuanophyllum带的Neoclisiophyllum yengtzeense–Koninckophyllum stellatum亚带和Lophophyllum lophyphylloidea亚带对比 , 也可与黔西赵家山组的 Palaeosmillia murchisoni murchisoni 组合带和 Lithostrotion decipiens–Dibunophyllum bipartitum组合带对比。根据珊瑚动物群的组成、生长形态、共生关系和围岩的岩性特征, 可判断动物群生活在相对浑浊、局限、富营养化的近岸浅海环境中。     

Tower cells of the marine bryozoan Membranipora membranacea

We report on the occurrence, distribution, and anatomy of tower cells in colonies of the marine gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea that occurs epiphytically on the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus in the intertidal at Nahant, Massachusetts. Tower cells are a category of heterozooid that lack a polypide and possess an elongated finger‐shaped extension of the frontal surface. Two stages of tower‐cell development are examined. Developing tower cells possess an endocyst composed of epidermal and mesodermal cells. In fully developed tower cells, the endocyst is incomplete and consists in part of a mass of intermixed epi‐ and mesodermal cells suspended in the coelomic cavity. The coelomic fluid contains two types of coelomocytes: amoebocytes and granulocytes. The position and orientation of 1,592 tower cells are recorded. Fifty‐four percent of these tower cells occur at the contact zone between two different colonies, which suggests that tower cells might be a defense‐related structure preventing overgrowth by neighboring colonies. Additionally, 89% of the tower cells occurring at the lateral margin of the frond are parallel to the surface of the algal frond , which suggests that they may increase the rigidity of the frond‐colony complex, thereby protecting the colonies from abrasion. J. Morphol. 239:121–130, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

51个红松子代家系苗期生长变异研究

为选育生长快、成活率高的优良红松子代家系,以吉林省龙井市开山屯林场的51个红松初级种子园子代家系为材料,对其苗高、地径、成活率及存活率进行测定分析。结果表明：除4年生地径的区组与家系交互作用外,各性状在家系间均达显著差异水平（P<0.05）;各性状表型变异系数变化范围为6.85%～29.89%;各性状的遗传力较高,除4年生地径（0.34）和存活率（0.37）外,遗传力均超过0.50,属于高遗传力;高变异系数,高遗传力,有利于家系的评价选择;相关性分析结果表明,各性状间相关关系均达极显著正相关水平。利用布雷津多性状综合评价法对51个红松子代家系进行评价,以10%的入选率,PK29、PK38、PK21、PK37和PK48五个家系入选。入选家系4年生苗高和地径平均值分别为29.26和0.93 cm,分别比总平均值高3.51和0.06 cm,遗传增益分别为10.08%和2.33%。本研究可以为红松优良家系评价提供理论基础和材料。