Length-to-weight and length-to-length ratios of six cavefish species from the Pearl River Basin,South China

Length-to-weight and length-to-length ratios were estimated for six cavefishes including Yunnanilus longibarbatus, Yunnanilus bailianensis, Yunnanilus jinxiensis, Oreonectes polystigmus, Paranemachilus pingguoensis, and Paranemachilus genilepis from the upper reaches of the Pearl River, Guangxi Province, China (between 106.26E, 23.14N and 111.42E, 24.85N). The fish were captured between May and October in 2018 and 2019 using trap nets (mesh size 7 mm) set in front of selected caves at 6:30–7:30 p.m. and were hauled out at 6:30–7:30 a.m. the next day. After removal, the fish were measured and weighed immediately to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.1 g, respectively. The regression parameter r² was between .95 and .98. The total length-to-standard length ratios were also calculated with r² ≥ .98. This study should provide a useful reference for biological studies and biodiversity conservation of cavefish.     

Development and characterization of 33 polymorphic microsatellite markers in Trachurus japonicus by SLAF-seq technology

Trachurus japonicus is an economically important fish in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. However, its resources have declined seriously and there is an urgent need for a wide-range of investigations of the existing genetic resources. This requires a large number of diverse molecular markers with high discriminating power. In this study, we identified 43,264 perfect SSRs in T. japonicus genome using SLAF-seq technology. Of these, we randomly selected 106 SSRs (tri-nucleotide to hexa-nucleotide) to test for polymorphism. Eventually, we successfully developed a total of 33 loci including 8 tri-nucleotide and 25 long repeat motifs (tetra-nucleotide to hexa-nucleotide). The number of alleles (Na) of these loci ranged from 4 to 24 (mean 12.6). The observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.258 to 0.969 (mean 0.723) and from 0.452 to 0.962 (mean 0.827), respectively. All loci except TJ6-7 were highly informative (PIC > 0.5). These results showed that the shortlisted 33 loci exhibited moderate to relatively high genetic diversity, of which 18 were regarded as highly polymorphic and well-resolved. In summary, these diverse and potential microsatellites detected in our study provide substantial genetic basis for the screening of polymorphic SSR markers of T. japonicus and also provide a powerful tool to perform further studies on the genetic resource assessment and conservation of T. japonicus.     

表观遗传的化学干预对金龟子绿僵菌次生代谢产物影响的研究

[背景] 表观遗传酶类化学抑制剂对真菌的影响研究主要集中在新次生代谢产物挖掘方面,而对大量已知次生代谢物含量的变化却关注较少。金龟子绿僵菌是一种常用杀虫真菌,能代谢出多种已知生物活性物质,其含量可能会影响到该菌与环境间关系及利用潜力。[目的] 评估组蛋白去乙酰化酶和DNA甲基转移酶的化学抑制剂对金龟子绿僵菌代谢物安全性和可利用性的影响。[方法] 在金龟子绿僵菌培养基中添加表观遗传酶类化学抑制剂,培养一定时间后用高分辨液质联用及标准品对照方法分析次生代谢产物变化。根据差异代谢物的生物活性评估化学抑制剂的影响。[结果] 高分辨液质联用分析结果表明当抑制剂浓度达500μmol/L时,金龟子绿僵菌有16种主要次生代谢产物出现明显量的变化,包括destruxin A、A1、A2、B、B1、B2、E、E2、Ed、didesmethyldestruxin C、dihydrodestruxin A、desmethyldestruxin B、12-hydroxyovalicin、subglutinol C、fungerin和ustilagic Acid C。其中,丁酸钠处理可使15种主要代谢物含量升高。苯甲酰胺可使12种主要代谢物含量升高。伏立诺他虽然仅能使10种主要代谢物含量升高,但部分代谢物的升高幅度明显高于前两者。2种DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂可使金龟子绿僵菌代谢物中绿僵菌素类代谢物含量普遍下降。[结论] 组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂可引起金龟子绿僵菌主要代谢物含量普遍升高,而DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂使金龟子绿僵菌的绿僵菌素含量普遍下降。由于变化的代谢物都具有显著的杀虫、免疫抑制或抗菌抗癌等生物活性,因此上述化学抑制剂可增强或降低金龟子绿僵菌对环境中昆虫毒性,同时也增加或降低其代谢物利用潜力。另外,subglutinol C、fungerin和ustilagic Acid C是首次在金龟子绿僵菌中被发现。     

太子参内生细菌RPB-32的分类鉴定及其代谢物对小鼠肠道微生物群落的影响

【背景】肠道微生物在宿主肠道微环境稳态中起着至关重要的作用。众多因子,如抗生素、饮食和年龄等会干扰这种微平衡,引起菌群平衡发生改变,进而影响到机体健康状况。太子参具有心肌保护、增加免疫、抗氧化、抗糖尿病、抗应激、抗疲劳等药理活性,而太子参内生菌代谢物对肠道微生物的调控作用以及可能对机体健康的影响目前还未见报道。【目的】研究太子参内生菌RPB-32分类地位及其代谢提取物对小鼠肠道微生物的调节作用,以探讨其对机体健康的影响。【方法】对RPB-32进行传统方法和分子鉴定。将120只KM小鼠随机分为溶剂对照组(3%乙醇)及石油醚提取物、正丁醇提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物低、中、高剂量组(n=12)。小鼠灌胃处理14 d后采集粪便,通过选择性培养基培养及宏基因组测序[溶剂对照(S.F.1为3%乙醇溶液)、乙酸乙酯提取物高剂量组(S.F.2)]检测灌胃前后小鼠肠道微生物的变化。【结果】常规传统方法与分子鉴定结果表明RPB-32为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)。与空白对照组相比,给予内生菌代谢提取物的乙酸乙酯中剂量组、乙酸乙酯高剂量组、正丁醇低剂量组、正丁醇中剂量组及正丁醇高剂量组乳酸菌数量明显增加,正丁醇中剂量组的肠球菌和正丁醇高剂量组的肠杆菌数量明显减少。S.F.2与S.F.1基于门、属和种水平上的微生物群落结构相比表明:S.F.2的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)数量明显增加,而厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)数量明显减少;S.F.2的Bacteroides、Prevotella、Parabacteroides、Akkermansia、Helicobacter、Butyricimonas、Alistipes、Ruminococcus、Muribaculum、Barnesiella、Odoribacter、Azospirillum、Mucispirillum和Lactobacillus数量明显增多,Rikenella、Angelakisella、Clostridium、Oscillibacter、Pseudoflavonifractor、Flavonifractor、Mailhella、Desulfovibrio、Faecalibacterium、Eubacterium、Lachnoclostridium、Hungatella、Butyrivibrio、Blautia、Dorea、Ruminiclostridium、Roseburia、Anaerotruncus和Butyricicoccus等数量减少;S.F.2的Bacteroides sartorii、Bacteroides caecimuris、Bacteroides uniformis、Parabacteroides chinchillae、Parabacteroides glodsteinii、Helicobacter bilis、Bacteroides fragilis、Bacteroides vulgatus、Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron和Butyricimonas virosa等数量明显增多,Faecalibacterium prausnitzii、Rikenella microfusus、Flavonifractor plautii、Mailhella massiliensis和Clostridium clostridioforme等数量减少。【结论】初步判断太子参内生芽孢杆菌RPB-32代谢物(BM)对肠道微生物组成有明显影响,可能对机体糖脂降解、抗感染和抗炎等方面有改善作用。     

基于高通量测序的闽楠幼林根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌群落变化

【背景】闽楠是珍贵用材树种。阐明闽楠根际土壤微生物特征,对科学经营闽楠人工林有指导作用。【目的】明确闽楠人工林恢复过程中根际土壤丛枝菌根群落随林龄的变化特征。【方法】采用高通量Illumina MiSeq测序的方法,评估不同林龄闽楠幼林根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi,AMF)群落的多样性和组成,揭示造林后闽楠根际土壤真菌群落对时间序列中土壤养分变化的响应特征。【结果】从3个林龄闽楠根际土壤中共得到342 555条有效序列,共得到253个AMF-OTU,分属于1门1纲5目9科14属。α多样性指数表明,丛枝菌根真菌群落的Chao1、Shannon指数随着林龄的增加而增加,但不同林龄间差异不显著。β多样性指数表明,在闽楠幼龄阶段,不同林龄间AMF群落组成差异明显。根据Bray-Curtis相异度分析阐明AMF群落组成的相似性与林龄相关。种水平物种丰度与土壤因子的相关性分析表明,影响AMF群落丰度的主要土壤因子是pH、全钾、硝态氮和铵态氮。铵态氮与优势AMF分子虚拟种Glomus-Franke-A1-VTX00076、Glomus-Franke-A1-VTX00269的丰度呈显著正相关。【结论】随着林龄的增加,闽楠幼龄根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌的种类组成发生了显著变化,影响AMF特性的主要土壤因子是pH、全钾、硝态氮和铵态氮。这些发现将有助于揭示闽楠幼林生态系统和土壤微生物多样性的相互关系和机制,为生物多样性-生态系统功能实验提供理论依据。