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101.
102.
锁阳和肉苁蓉都是中医药里重要的补益类药材,但由于过度采挖和采挖方式不当,目前它们的野生资源已濒临枯竭。肉苁蓉和锁阳分别是我国濒危和易危珍稀植物,研究二者寄生方式的特点与区别不仅可以促进锁阳和肉苁蓉的人工栽培,从而使野生药材得到一定的保护,而且对了解寄生植物在荒漠地区等极端严酷环境中的适应机制具有重要的生态学意义。该研究采用形态学观察结合常规石蜡切片法,对锁阳和肉苁蓉分别在各自寄主植物上的寄生方式进行了研究。结果表明:(1)锁阳的营养繁殖体在寄主植物根部呈串状分布,与寄主植物的连接方式属于非末端寄生;锁阳的吸器侵入寄主根系韧皮部和木质部的一部分区域,但是韧皮部和木质部大部分区域未被锁阳吸器占据,即有部分营养物质被锁阳“截取”。(2)肉苁蓉在其肉质茎基部长出新的芽体,与寄主植物的连接方式属于末端寄生;肉苁蓉的吸器侵入寄主根韧皮部和木质部全部区域。因此,锁阳寄生后,被寄生的寄主根依然能够向前生长,具有正常的功能;肉苁蓉寄生后,寄生点的寄主根失去根系的正常功能,成为一个为肉苁蓉生长发育提供营养物质的“输送通道( Transport channel)”。 相似文献
103.
The teleost Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) possesses two loci, Gpi-A and Gpi-B,
for the glycolytic enzyme, glucose-phosphate isomerase (GPI; D-
glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase; E.C. 5.3.1.9). The Gpi-B locus is
polymorphic in Fundulus, with two common alleles, Gpi-Bb and Gpi-Bc,
distributed in a clinal manner in populations along the east coast of North
America. Since this clinal distribution is strongly correlated with a
temperature gradient, we asked whether the GPI-B2 allozymes were
functionally adapted to the thermal environment in which a given phenotype
predominated. The two major GPI-B2 allozymes were purified to homogeneity
and were characterized as to molecular weight, isoelectric pH, thermal
denaturation, and kinetic parameters. Both GPI-Bb2 and GPI- Bc2 allozymes
have molecular masses of 110 kD, and they have isoelectric pHs of 6.4 and
6.6, respectively. The GPI-Bb2 allozyme was more stable to thermal
denaturation than was the GPI-Bc2 enzyme. Kinetic properties of the allelic
isozymes were investigated both as a function of pH and as a function of
temperature. At 25 degrees C, over the pH range considered, there were no
significant differences between allozymes, either in Km for
fructose-6-phosphate or in Ki for 6- phosphogluconate, but apparent Vmax
values differed between pH 7.5 and pH 8.5. All steady-state kinetic
parameters showed strong temperature dependence, but the allozymes differed
only in the Ki for 6- phosphogluconate at temperatures greater than 30
degrees C. On the basis of the observed structural and functional
differences alluded to above, the hypothesis that the major allelic
isozymes of the Gpi-B locus were functionally equivalent was rejected.
However, it is not yet known whether these structural and functional
differences have any significance at higher levels of biological
organization.
相似文献
104.
Intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to pentobarbital-anesthetized rats produced shortening of the duration of narcosis. This analeptic effect was blocked by atropine, indicating the central cholinergic nature of the response. AVP also increased hippocampal sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake activity that had been depressed by the barbiturate. The AVP analeptic effect was blocked by pretreatment with a V-1 (vasopressor), but not a V-2 (antidiuretic), vasopressin receptor antagonist. These results suggest that ICV AVP produces its analeptic effect by interacting with central V-1 receptors to activate a hippocampal cholinergic arousal system. The cholinergic arousal effect may be a factor in the memory enhancing property of AVP. 相似文献
105.
Partitioning of Carbohydrates in Annual and Perennial Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An analysis of the partitioning of carbohydrates in annual andperennial cotton was made to ascertain the distribution of assimilatesand constitution of reserves. Root/shoot dry matter ratio ishigh in perennial cotton and this plant shows a preferentialaccumulation of dry matter in roots corresponding to its adaptationto drought. Starch content is also higher in perennial cottonroots than in annual. It can be said that the earlier maturingthe cultivar, the lower the root/shoot ratio and the lower thestarch content. Nevertheless, at the whole plant level in annualcotton the starch content is highest in leaves where it is accumulatedbefore migration, and stem wood, and lowest in root and bark.While starch content in roots of annuals declines after 3 months,it is still increasing in perennials. Accumulation of carbohydratesas reserve material can be modified by selection and such selectionis accompanied by an increase in the activities of ß-amylasein exporting organs: leaves, woody tissue of the stem, and barkbut not in roots. Invertase activities were highest in leavesbut did not respond to selection. Non-irrigated cotton had ahigher activity of ß-amylase in leaves and stem woodcorresponding to the mobilization of reserve assimilates. Smallerincreases were observed in the activity of invertase. High yieldingannual cottons show a higher activity of ß-amylaseand invertase in leaves corresponding to a higher capacity ofassimilate transfer. Also a comparison was made from emergenceto 4 months of the partitioning of carbohydrates between leaf,stem and roots in annual and perennial cotton. In conclusionperennial cotton apparently owes its drought resistance to apartitioning of assimilates that favours the growth of the rootsystem and the accumulation of starch reserves in roots. Key words: Gossypium hirsutum L, carbohydrates, partitioning 相似文献
106.
K Horita T Yagi N Kohmura Y Tomooka Y Ikawa S Aizawa 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1992,189(3):1747-1753
To identify tyrosine kinases which play roles in mammalian early development, the 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was performed on mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Among eight tyrosine kinases thus identified, we report here a novel tyrosine kinase, hyk (adhesion structures linked tyrosine kinase). The sequences of the 4.7 kb cDNA indicated the presence of RGD motif and three epidermal growth factor-like domains put between two immunoglobulin-like domains and three fibronectin type III domains in its extracellular region. It is strongly expressed in ES cells and later stages of embryos, but at low levels in midgestation embryos. It is also expressed at a low level in neural precursor cells from 10-day embryos, but at high levels in embryonic day 15 and neonatal brains. In adult tissues it is expressed ubiquitously. 相似文献
107.
Germ Layer Interactions in Pattern Formation of Amphibian Mesoderm during Primary Embryonic Induction 总被引:6,自引:6,他引:0
Mesodermal differentiation of dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) before and after invagination was analyzed by a series of combination experiments with different kinds of ectoderm.
Lower DMZ of early gastrula didn't show any axial-mesoderm (notochord and somitic mesoderm) but lateral mesoderm (mesenchyme, mesothelium, or blood cells) in combinant with non-competent ventral ectoderm, while combinant with competent ectoderm was found to have well-differentiated axial-mesoderm with deutero-spinocaudal neurals. The axial-mesoderms have origin in the ectoderm. Uninvaginated DMZ of middle gastrula also showed difference in mesodermal differentiation between competent and non-competent ectoderms; axial-mesoderm differentiation was much better in competent than in non-competent. The axial-mesoderm originated from the uninvaginated DMZ. Archenteron roof of late gastrula showed regional difference in mesodermal differentiation in both combinants with competent and non-competent. The present study further demonstrated that there was regionality in promoting effect of induced neurectoderm on axial-mesoderm differentiation of invaginated archenteron roof.
The present experiments suggest that the cranio-caudal and dorso-ventral axis formations of amphibian mesoderm are finally determined by sequential and reciprocal interactions between the mesodermal anlage and the overlying ectoderm. It should be also shown that lower DMZ acts to trigger a series of the sequential interactions during primary embryonic induction. 相似文献
Lower DMZ of early gastrula didn't show any axial-mesoderm (notochord and somitic mesoderm) but lateral mesoderm (mesenchyme, mesothelium, or blood cells) in combinant with non-competent ventral ectoderm, while combinant with competent ectoderm was found to have well-differentiated axial-mesoderm with deutero-spinocaudal neurals. The axial-mesoderms have origin in the ectoderm. Uninvaginated DMZ of middle gastrula also showed difference in mesodermal differentiation between competent and non-competent ectoderms; axial-mesoderm differentiation was much better in competent than in non-competent. The axial-mesoderm originated from the uninvaginated DMZ. Archenteron roof of late gastrula showed regional difference in mesodermal differentiation in both combinants with competent and non-competent. The present study further demonstrated that there was regionality in promoting effect of induced neurectoderm on axial-mesoderm differentiation of invaginated archenteron roof.
The present experiments suggest that the cranio-caudal and dorso-ventral axis formations of amphibian mesoderm are finally determined by sequential and reciprocal interactions between the mesodermal anlage and the overlying ectoderm. It should be also shown that lower DMZ acts to trigger a series of the sequential interactions during primary embryonic induction. 相似文献
108.
Evolution of the primary and secondary structures of the E1a mRNAs of the adenovirus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper we investigate and compare (evolutionary) patterns in the
primary and secondary structure of four homologous E1a mRNAs of the
adenovirus. Our main results are as follows: (1) The similarity of the
coding regions of the mRNA sequences reflects both similarity in function
(i.e., oncogenicity) and evolutionary divergence. (2) The similarity of the
leader and the trailer regions reflects host specificity (i.e., human or
simian) and must therefore arise from convergence. (3) Minimal energy
foldings of the mRNAs show similar secondary structures (in particular
around the splice sites). The conservation of pre-mRNA secondary structure
shows that mRNAs are subject to selection constraints in addition to those
associated with proteins. (4) The conserved secondary (helical) structures
consist of nonhomologous subsequences, i.e., shifts have occurred. The
observed shifts near the splice sites seem to be the simplest way of
dealing with the dual constraints.
相似文献
109.
Complete sequences of the rRNA genes of Drosophila melanogaster 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
In this, the first of three papers, we present the sequence of the
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of Drosophila melanogaster. The gene regions of
D. melanogaster rDNA encode four individual rRNAs: 18S (1,995 nt), 5.8S
(123 nt), 2S (30 nt), and 28S (3,945 nt). The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeat
of D. melanogaster is AT rich (65.9% overall), with the spacers being
particularly AT rich. Analysis of DNA simplicity reveals that, in contrast
to the intergenic spacer (IGS) and the external transcribed spacer (ETS),
most of the rRNA gene regions have been refractory to the action of
slippage-like events, with the exception of the 28S rRNA gene expansion
segments. It would seem that the 28S rRNA can accommodate the products of
slippage-like events without loss of activity. In the following two papers
we analyze the effects of sequence divergence on the evolution of (1) the
28S gene "expansion segments" and (2) the 28S and 18S rRNA secondary
structures among eukaryotic species, respectively. Our detailed analyses
reveal, in addition to unequal crossing-over, (1) the involvement of
slippage and biased mutation in the evolution of the rDNA multigene family
and (2) the molecular coevolution of both expansion segments and the
nucleotides involved with compensatory changes required to maintain
secondary structures of RNA.
相似文献
110.
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was administered intracerebrally into various brain regions of conscious and pentobarbitalnarcotized rabbits. In conscious animals tachypnea was observed after TRH administration into all brain regions investigated. Behavioral excitation was most pronounced after TRH administration into the cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus and hypothalamus. Hyperthermia was produced only after hypothalamic injections of TRH. In pentobarbital-narcotized rabbits TRH exerted analeptic activity (shortening of narcosis) regardless of the brain area injected, although some quantitative differences were observed. These results indicate that the analeptic effect of TRH may be initiated from various areas of the brain. 相似文献