应用结构方程模型解析影响黄连木果实产量 和种子命运的因素

果实(种子)产量和质量是影响植物种群更新的重要因素。为了探明影响黄连木果实产量和种子命运的因素以及这些影响因素之间的相互作用, 作者于2009年对河南省济源市45株黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)结果样树的植株特征、果实特征、果实产量和种子命运等进行了测定, 并用结构方程模型进行综合分析。结果表明: (1)黄连木果实产量与树高、树冠面积和果序大小等特征成正相关, 但与胸径、果实大小相关性不显著; (2)与捕食者饱和假说的预测不一致, 单株果实产量对黄连木广肩小蜂(Eurytoma plotnikovi)的种子捕食率(即虫蛀率)无显著直接负向效应; (3)树高和果实大小对虫蛀率为显著直接正向效应, 胸径对虫蛀率为显著直接负向效应, 显示黄连木广肩小蜂对植株特征和果实特征有一定的选择能力; (4)空壳率与虫蛀率成显著负相关, 空壳果实越多, 越易逃避黄连木广肩小蜂的寄生, 空壳果实的存在对完好种子起到了一定保护作用, 可能是黄连木防御昆虫寄生的重要机制; (5)空壳率和虫蛀率对种子完好率有显著直接负向效应, 而胸径、果序大小和果实产量对完好率为间接正向效应, 树高和果实大小为间接负向效应。可见, 黄连木植株特征和果实特征均不同程度地影响其果实产量和昆虫寄生, 从而影响黄连木的种子质量和种群更新。     

Regulation of NF-κB signaling by oxidized glycerophospholipid and IL-1β induced miRs-21-3p and -27a-5p in human aortic endothelial cells

Exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) to agents such as oxidized glycerophospholipids (oxGPs) and cytokines, known to accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions, perturbs the expression of hundreds of genes in ECs involved in inflammatory and other biological processes. We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in regulating the inflammatory response in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) in response to oxGPs and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Using next-generation sequencing and RT-quantitative PCR, we characterized the profile of expressed miRNAs in HAECs pre- and postexposure to oxGPs. Using this data, we identified miR-21-3p and miR-27a-5p to be induced 3- to 4-fold in response to oxGP and IL-1β treatment compared with control treatment. Transient overexpression of miR-21-3p and miR-27a-5p resulted in the downregulation of 1,253 genes with 922 genes overlapping between the two miRNAs. Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis predicted that the two miRNAs were involved in the regulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Overexpression of these two miRNAs leads to changes in p65 nuclear translocation. Using 3′ untranslated region luciferase assay, we identified 20 genes within the NF-κB signaling cascade as putative targets of miRs-21-3p and -27a-5p, implicating these two miRNAs as modulators of NF-κB signaling in ECs.     

利用基因诱捕技术进行小鼠基因剔除的初步研究

对利用基因诱捕技术进行小鼠基因剔除做了初步的探索,为进一步应用该技术进行小鼠基因功能研究奠定了基础.利用基因诱捕载体转染小鼠ES细胞,获得了36株neo基因单拷贝整合的诱捕ES细胞,其中14株细胞表达有活性的β半乳糖苷酶.将3株诱捕ES细胞分别经显微注射引入到受体囊胚中,再植入假孕母鼠的子宫中使其发育成小鼠.两株细胞得到了程度不同的嵌合体小鼠,其中一株诱捕ES细胞整合至生殖系.利用质粒拯救实验获得了诱捕载体整合位点附近的基因组序列,通过序列比对发现被诱捕的基因可能是一个新基因.X-gal染色结果显示,该基因的表达局限于小鼠腹部及肢芽的部位.     

昆虫保幼激素促进家蚕杆状病毒系统的基因表达

杆状病毒表达载体系统(Baculovirus Expression VecterSvstem,BEVS)的一个最大优点是外源基因的高效表达(Hy-perexpression).但是,不同的外源基因在BEVS系统中的表达水平相差很大,较低的如α-干扰素,表达量为1～5mg/L培养细胞;高的如β-半乳糖苷酶,表达量可达600mg/L培养细胞.外源基因在BEVS系统中表达量受到诸多因素的影响,如细胞的类型与质量,外源基因蛋白的性质,启动子序列的完整性,是否为融合蛋白等[1].如何使外源基因在BEVS系统中高效表达,是近年来该领域中研究最活跃的方向之一.已证实家蚕杆状病毒的表达量受宿主遗传型的影响,最低和最高的遗传型相差达7倍以上[2].林水中等发现家蚕饲料中添食适当浓度的硫酸铜可提高外源基因单位表达量10%左右[3].杆状病毒在复制循环中表现出两种类型:芽生病毒和包涵体病毒,其中芽生病毒引起宿主体内不同组织间的感染,包涵体病毒则引起宿主之间感染[1].杆状病毒基因组中蜕皮激素尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖基转移酶(egt)基因影响激素在宿主体内的平衡[4],egt基因通过糖基化作用使蜕皮激素失活,打破宿主体内的激素平衡,延长幼虫期,以利于病毒的增殖[5].家蚕血淋巴中保幼激素(Juvenile hormone,JH)的滴度同样决定着幼虫发育的进程[6],本文通过体表使用保幼激素,以研究保幼激素对家蚕核型多角体病毒和宿主之间的相互关系及对外源基因表达量的影响.     

The contributions of protein disulfide isomerase and its homologues to oxidative protein folding in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum

In vitro, protein disulfide isomerase (Pdi1p) introduces disulfides into proteins (oxidase activity) and provides quality control by catalyzing the rearrangement of incorrect disulfides (isomerase activity). Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an essential protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but the contributions of the catalytic activities of PDI to oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are unclear. Using variants of Pdi1p with impaired oxidase or isomerase activity, we show that isomerase-deficient mutants of PDI support wild-type growth even in a strain in which all of the PDI homologues of the yeast ER have been deleted. Although the oxidase activity of PDI is sufficient for wild-type growth, pulse-chase experiments monitoring the maturation of carboxypeptidase Y reveal that oxidative folding is greatly compromised in mutants that are defective in isomerase activity. Pdi1p and one or more of its ER homologues (Mpd1p, Mpd2p, Eug1p, Eps1p) are required for efficient carboxypeptidase Y maturation. Consistent with its function as a disulfide isomerase in vivo, the active sites of Pdi1p are partially reduced (32 +/- 8%) in vivo. These results suggest that PDI and its ER homologues contribute both oxidase and isomerase activities to the yeast ER. The isomerase activity of PDI can be compromised without affecting growth and viability, implying that yeast proteins that are essential under laboratory conditions may not require efficient disulfide isomerization.     

藜麦及其资源开发利用

藜麦Chenopodium quinoa Willd.英文名:quinoa,原产于南美洲安第斯山区,是印加土著居民的主要传统食物,至今已有5 000~7 000多年的利用和种植历史。古代印加人将它称之为"粮食之母"。藜麦在20世纪80年代,被美国宇航局用于宇航员的太空食品。联合国粮农组织认为藜麦是唯一的单一植物即可满足人体基本营养需求的食物,正式推荐藜麦为最适宜人类的完美的全营养食品。本文对藜麦的植物形态、生态特性、营养价值以及在我国种植展望作了综合报道。     

京津冀城市群土地利用变化对地表径流的影响

城市化的显著特征之一是地表景观格局被人为改变,大量硬化地表覆盖、取代了原本自然或半自然的土地覆盖类型,极大地干扰了区域水文循环过程。其中,最直接的体现是对地表径流过程的影响。城市群作为当前我国城市化的重要模式,其聚集连片的扩张模式,对区域地表径流过程的干扰尤为严重。以京津冀特大城市群为研究区域,应用长期水文影响评价模型(L-THIA),以1980、1990、2000、2010、2015年5期土地利用数据、土壤数据以及1950—2015年逐日降雨数据为输入,模拟计算了不同土地利用/覆被格局对多年平均地表径流量的影响。结果表明,(1)经过率定的L-THIA模型能够较为准确地模拟京津冀城市群地区的地表径流分布特征,模型模拟误差在±10%内;(2)1980—2015年,京津冀城市群地区不透水地表面积急剧增加,其净增长值为12690.14 km~2。北京与天津等超大城市不透水地表面积增加最明显;(3)随着土地利用格局的变化,京津冀地区地表径流量呈逐年增长趋势。1980—2015年,京津冀城市群地区地表径流量的绝对增长值为17.84亿m~3,增幅11.83%。其中,1990—2000年及2010—2015年期间地表径流年均增长率较大,分别为0.36%与0.46%。对地表径流贡献较大的土地利用类型为耕地和不透水地表,其5期土地利用情景下的平均产流占比分别为35.38%、22.71%;(4)城市尺度上,不同城市的标准化年均径流深(NAARD)存在较大差异。天津、石家庄的产流能力较强,承德、衡水等城市的产流能力较弱,北京市的标准化年均径流深处于中等水平。另一方面,不同城市标准化年均径流深增长规律也存在较大差异。1980—2015年,天津市的NAARD增长最多,承德市增长最少,北京市的NAARD增长处于中等水平。本文对于京津冀城市群水文过程的时空演变研究以及国土空间优化指导具有参考意义。     

Purification and characterization of high antioxidant peptides from duck egg white protein hydrolysates

The hydrolysate from duck egg white protein (DEWP) prepared by “SEEP–Alcalase” at degree of hydrolysis (DH) value of 21% (namely HSA₂₁) exhibited high antioxidant capacity in different oxidation systems. A consecutive chromatographic method was then developed for separation and purification of HSA₂₁, including ion-exchange chromatography, macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) and gel filter chromatography. The final peptides “P_21-3–75-B” were obtained with significantly enhanced antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). It was further confirmed that the product mainly consisted of five oligopeptides (Mr: 202.1, 294.1, 382.1, 426.3, and 514.4 Da). Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of P_21-3–75-B kept stable after in vitro digestive simulation. Antioxidant capacity of the purified peptides was closely related to the molecular mass, hydrophobic amino acid residues, acidic amino acid and some antioxidant amino acids. This research provided a valuable route for producing new natural-source peptides with strong antioxidant capacity and high nutritious value for our daily intake.     

表达流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因的重组腺病毒的构建

通过RT-PCR方法扩增流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因,将其克隆到腺病毒穿梭载体pTrackCMV,此重组质粒与腺病毒DNA共转化大肠杆菌BJ5183,通过细菌内同源重组获得重组腺病毒DNA,将其转染293细胞获得重组腺病毒.经PCR证实目的基因已整合至腺病毒基因组中,western blot检测到神经氨酸酶的表达.重组病毒经滴鼻和灌胃两种途径免疫小鼠,结果表明2次免疫后滴鼻组和灌胃组均产生明显的免疫应答反应,滴鼻组的免疫效果优于灌胃组.