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排序方式: 共有153条查询结果,搜索用时 328 毫秒
91.
Here we report the first evaluation of T-cell responses upon a second acellular pertussis booster vaccination in Dutch children at 9 years of age, 5 years after a preschool booster vaccination. Blood samples of children 9 years of age were studied longitudinally until 1 year after the second aP booster and compared with those after the first aP booster in children 4 and 6 years of age from a cross-sectional study. After stimulation with pertussis-vaccine antigens, Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokine responses were measured and effector memory cells (CCR7-CD45RA-) were characterized by 8-colour FACS analysis. The second aP booster vaccination at pre-adolescent age in wP primed individuals did increase pertussis-specific Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses. Noticeably, almost all T-cell responses had increased with age and were already high before the booster vaccination at 9 years of age. The enhancement of T-cell immunity during the 5 year following the booster at 4 years of age is probably caused by natural boosting due to the a high circulation of pertussis. However, the incidence of pertussis is high in adolescents and adults who have only received the Dutch wP vaccine during infancy and no booster at 4 years of age. Therefore, an aP booster vaccination at adolescence or later in these populations might improve long-term immunity against pertussis and reduce the transmission to the vulnerable newborns. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN64117538. 相似文献
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Placental growth factor reconstitutes hematopoiesis by recruiting VEGFR1(+) stem cells from bone-marrow microenvironment 总被引:30,自引:0,他引:30
Hattori K Heissig B Wu Y Dias S Tejada R Ferris B Hicklin DJ Zhu Z Bohlen P Witte L Hendrikx J Hackett NR Crystal RG Moore MA Werb Z Lyden D Rafii S 《Nature medicine》2002,8(8):841-849
The mechanism by which angiogenic factors recruit bone marrow (BM)-derived quiescent endothelial and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is not known. Here, we report that functional vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR1) is expressed on human CD34(+) and mouse Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+) BM-repopulating stem cells, conveying signals for recruitment of HSCs and reconstitution of hematopoiesis. Inhibition of VEGFR1, but not VEGFR2, blocked HSC cell cycling, differentiation and hematopoietic recovery after BM suppression, resulting in the demise of the treated mice. Placental growth factor (PlGF), which signals through VEGFR1, restored early and late phases of hematopoiesis following BM suppression. PlGF enhanced early phases of BM recovery directly through rapid chemotaxis of VEGFR1(+) BM-repopulating and progenitor cells. The late phase of hematopoietic recovery was driven by PlGF-induced upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9, mediating the release of soluble Kit ligand. Thus, PlGF promotes recruitment of VEGFR1(+) HSCs from a quiescent to a proliferative BM microenvironment, favoring differentiation, mobilization and reconstitution of hematopoiesis. 相似文献
94.
Phylogenetic inference under the pure drift model 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
When pairwise genetic distances are used for phylogenetic reconstruction,
it is usually assumed that the genetic distance between two taxa contains
information about the time after the two taxa diverged. As a result, upon
an appropriate transformation if necessary, the distance usually can be
fitted to a linear model such that it is expressed as the sum of lengths of
all branches that connect the two taxa in a given phylogeny. This kind of
distance is referred to as "additive distance." For a phylogenetic tree
exclusively driven by random genetic drift, genetic distances related to
coancestry coefficients (theta XY) between any two taxa are more suitable.
However, these distances are fundamentally different from the additive
distance in that coancestry does not contain any information about the time
after two taxa split from a common ancestral population; instead, it
reflects the time before the two taxa diverged. In other words, the
magnitude of theta XY provides information about how long the two taxa
share the same evolutionary pathways. The fundamental difference between
the two kinds of distances has led to a different algorithm of evaluating
phylogenetic trees when theta XY and related distance measures are used.
Here we present the new algorithm using the ordinary- least-squares
approach but fitting to a different linear model. This treatment allows
genetic variation within a taxon to be included in the model. Monte Carlo
simulation for a rooted phylogeny of four taxa has verified the efficacy
and consistency of the new method. Application of the method to human
population was demonstrated.
相似文献
95.
Taxol from fungal endophytes and the issue of biodiversity 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
GA Strobel WM Hess E. Ford RS Sidhu X Yang 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1996,17(5-6):417-423
Fungi represent one of the most understudied and diverse group of organisms. Commonly, these organisms make associations with higher life forms and may proceed to biochemically mimic the host organism. An excellent example of this is the anticancer drug, taxol, which had been previously supposed to occur only in the plant genusTaxus (yew). However, taxol has been reported in a novel endophytic fungus—Taxomyces andreanae, but also has been demonstrated to occur in a number of unrelated fungal endophytes includingPestalotia, Pestalotiopsis, Fusarium, Alternaria, Pithomyces, Monochaetia and others. Thus, this report presents information on the presence of taxol among disparate fungal genera, and uses these observations as an additional argument to support efforts to study fungal endophytes and preserve their associated host plants. 相似文献
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98.
The conclusion arrived at by chemical methods, that the volatile agent produced when sulphur is applied to a heated surface is gaseous sulphur, has been subjected to biological tests in which the fungi Ery-siphe graminis and Sphaerotheca Humulind the gall mite Eriophyes ribis were employed.
The fungi were found not to be sufficiently sensitive to yield satisfactory and concordant results and strong support is given to the view that actual contact of the sulphur particle with the fungus is necessary before fungicidal action can occur.
It was shown that the agent present in air passed over heated sulphur and responsible for the death of the gall mite was not removed by filtration through a heated glass-wool plug, this observation being contrary to the view that the toxic agent is produced initially in solid form.
Filtration through a cooled glass-wool plug only removed part of the volatile agent and it was shown that the gall mite is affected by the traces of sulphur volatilised at ordinary temperatures.
The results of the experiments with the gall mite were in complete accord with those obtained in the previous chemical work.
At relatively large concentrations sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide are without permanent effect upon the gall mite and these gases are therefore not responsible for the acaricidal action of sulphur. 相似文献
The fungi were found not to be sufficiently sensitive to yield satisfactory and concordant results and strong support is given to the view that actual contact of the sulphur particle with the fungus is necessary before fungicidal action can occur.
It was shown that the agent present in air passed over heated sulphur and responsible for the death of the gall mite was not removed by filtration through a heated glass-wool plug, this observation being contrary to the view that the toxic agent is produced initially in solid form.
Filtration through a cooled glass-wool plug only removed part of the volatile agent and it was shown that the gall mite is affected by the traces of sulphur volatilised at ordinary temperatures.
The results of the experiments with the gall mite were in complete accord with those obtained in the previous chemical work.
At relatively large concentrations sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide are without permanent effect upon the gall mite and these gases are therefore not responsible for the acaricidal action of sulphur. 相似文献
99.
100.
Testing the covarion hypothesis of molecular evolution 总被引:14,自引:8,他引:6
The covarion hypothesis of molecular evolution states that the fixation of
mutations may alter the probability that any given position will fix the
next change. Tests of this hypothesis using the divergence of real
sequences are compromised because models of rate variation among sites
(e.g., the gamma version of the one-parameter equation) predict sequence
divergence values similar to those for the covarion process. This study
therefore focuses on the extent to which the varied and unvaried codons of
two well-diverged taxa are the same, because fewer are expected by the
covarion hypothesis than by the gamma model. The data for these tests are
the protein sequences of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) for mammals and
plants. Simulation analyses show that the covarion hypothesis makes better
predictions about the frequencies of varied and unhit positions in common
between these two taxa than does the gamma version of the one-parameter
model. Furthermore, the analysis of SOD tertiary structure demonstrates
that mammal and plant variabilities are distributed differently on the
protein. These results support the conclusions that the variable and
invariable codons of mammal and plant SODs are different and that the
covarion model explains the evolution of this protein better than the gamma
version of the one-parameter process. Unlike other models, the covarion
hypothesis accounts for rate fluctuations among positions over time, which
is an important parameter of molecular evolution.
相似文献