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741.
742.
743.
The structure of the roof of the fourth ventricle in 10 amphibian species has been examined histologically using serial sections of complete skulls containing the brain and intact meninges. The caudal end of the roof, the posterior tela, consists of a single layer of epithelial cells which are continuous with the ependymal cells which line the walls of the fourth ventricle. The structure of the posterior tela varies according to the species: in the urodele amphibians and Xenopus it consists of a complete and continuous layer of cells, whereas the anurans, excluding Xenopus , have a posterior tela consisting of cells arranged in clumps and short strings. The discontinuous structure of the posterior tela in the anurans gives apparent communication between the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space and this area may be a site for exchange of cerebrospinal fluid between the two compartments.  相似文献   
744.
Environmental heat stress impacts on the physiology and viability of microbial cells with concomitant implications for microbial activity and diversity. Previously, it has been demonstrated that gradual heating of Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces a degree of thermal resistance, whereas a heat shock results in a high level of cell death. Here, we show that the impact of exogenous nutrients on acquisition of thermal resistance differs between strains. Using single‐cell methods, we demonstrate the extent of heterogeneity of the heat‐stress response within populations of yeast cells and the presence of subpopulations that are reversibly damaged by heat stress. Such cells represent potential for recovery of entire populations once stresses are removed. The results show that plasma membrane permeability and potential are key factors involved in cell survival, but thermal resistance is not related to homeoviscous adaptation of the plasma membrane. These results have implications for growth and regrowth of populations experiencing environmental heat stress and our understanding of impacts at the level of the single cell. Given the important role of microbes in biofuel production and bioremediation, a thorough understanding of the impact of stress responses of populations and individuals is highly desirable.  相似文献   
745.
746.
Homeoviscous adaptation (HVA), the thermal conservation of membrane fluidity/order at different body temperatures, has been observed to varying degrees in different membranes. However, HVA has not been studied in raft and non-raft regions of the plasma membrane (PM) separately. Rafts are ordered PM microdomains implicated in signal transduction, membrane traffic and cholesterol homeostasis. Using infrared spectroscopy, we measured order in raft-enriched PM (raft) and raft-depleted PM (RDPM) isolated from hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to 5 and 20 °C. We found approximately 130% and 90% order compensation in raft and RDPM, respectively, suggesting their independent regulation. Raft was more ordered than RDPM in the warm-acclimated trout, a difference fully explained by a 58% enrichment of cholesterol, compared to RPDM. Unexpectedly, raft and RDPM from cold-acclimated trout did not differ in cholesterol content or order. Freezing the membrane samples during preparation had no effect on order. Treatment with cyclodextrin depleted cholesterol by 36%, 56%, and 55%, producing significant decreases in order in raft and RDPM from warm-acclimated trout and RDPM from cold-acclimated trout, respectively. However, a 69% depletion of cholesterol from raft from cold-acclimated trout had no significant effect on order. This result, and the lack of a difference in order between raft and RDPM, suggests that raft and non-raft PM in cold-acclimated trout are not spatially segregated by phase separation due to cholesterol.  相似文献   
747.
Sclerotia ofCorticium olivascens are reported and described for the first time. Examples include sclerotia collected from a stump ofPinus virginiana in Greenbelt, Maryland, and those formed in several cultures originally developed from spores produced by basidiocarps. Among outstanding characteristics of basidiocarps ofC. olivascens are the greenish or olivaceous color of the hymenial surface, constant presence of clamp-connections, development of septate cystidia, and production of nonamyloid but dextrinoid basidiospores. Cultural characteristics are described, and the negative oxidase reaction is noted.C. olivascens is a highly distinctive fungus which requires further taxonomic attention.
Zusammenfassung Sclerotia vonCorticium olivascens sind das erste Mal mitgeteilt und beschrieben. Beispiele betrifft Sclerotia, die vom Baumstumpf vonPinus virginiana in Greenbelt, Maryland gesammelt worden sind und diejenigen, die sich in mehreren Kulturen, ursprünglich von Sporen der Basidiocarpen entwickelt haben. Unter den besonderen Kennzeichen der Basidiocarpen vonC. olivascens sind die grünliche oder olive Farbe der Hymenialoberfläche, ständiges Vorkommen der Klammerverbindungen, Entwicklung septierter Cystidien und die Produktion von nicht-amyloiden, sondern dextrinoiden Basidiosporen. Kulturkennzeichen sind beschrieben und die negative Oxidasenreaktion ist erwähnt.C. olivascens ist ein hoch distinguierter Pilz, der eine weitere, taxonomische Aufmerksamkeit verlangt.
  相似文献   
748.
Protoplasts of Vitis rotundifolia Michx. cv. Summit were isolated from mesophyll of axenic shoot cultures under different enzyme concentrations and digestion times. Viability and plating efficiency were assessed and related to the cortical microtubule network, visualized using immunofluorescence. Higher concentrations of enzyme isolation medium significantly decreased protoplast viability and plating efficiency. However, the cortical microtubule network appeared stable, at all concentrations with dense, continuous microtubule strands in both random and parallel arrays. In contrast, longer vs shorter enzyme incubation duration resulted in significantly lower plating efficiency, which was correlated with changes in cortical microtubule organization. With longer incubation, the frequency of parallel microtubule strands decreased; microtubule organization showed increasing disruption, microtubule strands were shortened, fragmented and exhibited only a weak fluorescence labeling. Both high enzyme concentration and prolonged incubation periods negatively affected protoplast regenerability, but in different ways. Microtubule organization was sensitive to duration of incubation, but not to enzyme concentration. It is concluded that the presence of a well-developed cortical microtubule network does not gurantee regeneration. Other factors related to isolation appear to be involved.  相似文献   
749.
Klebsiella pneumoniae O5, Escherichia coli O8 and Serratia marcescens 3255 were shown to cross-react in both ELISA and immunoblotting. The cross-reaction appeared to be due to the O antigen of their lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, there was evidence that the reactions of these strains with their homologous antisera were due, in part, to determinants other than O polysaccharide.  相似文献   
750.
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