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31.
32.
Abdi Samuel Tariku Belay Delenasaw Yehalaw Mohammed Taha Endalew Zemene Ahmed Zeynudin 《PloS one》2016,11(3)
Background
The African Program for Onchocerciais Control (APOC) with a main strategy of community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) was established with the aim of eliminating Onchocerciasis as a disease of public health and socio-economic importance. The study area was a hyper endemic area just before the implementation of CDTI. It has been implemented for six years in this district but yet not been evaluated. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of six years CDTI on parasitological and clinical indices of OnchocerciasisMethods
This study employed a pre-post impact evaluation design. The minimum sample size for this study was 1318; the respondents were selected by multi-stage sampling technique. Data on socio-demographic characteristics using a semi-structured questionnaire, clinical examination for skin signs and symptoms of Onchocerciasis and two bloodless skin snips from each side of the gluteal fold were taken from the entire study participants. SPSS version 16.0 and Medcalc version 12.2.1.0 were used for analysis.Result
The microfilaridermia reduced from the pre-intervention value of 74.8% to 40.7%, indicating a 45.6% reduction, mean intensity from 32.1(SD = 61.5) mf/mg skin snip to 18.7(SD = 28.7)indicating 41.75% reduction, CMFL from 19.6 mf/mg skin snip to 4.7 indicating 76% reduction. The result also showed that microfilaridermia and mean intensity decreased as the number of treatment taken increased. Pruritis, leopard skin, onchocercomata and hanging groin reduced by 54.4%, 61.3%, 77.7% and 88.5% respectively.Conclusions
The implementation of CDTI significantly reduced the parasitological and clinical indices of Onchocerciasis, so, efforts should be made to improve the annual treatment coverage and sustainability of CDTI to drastically reduce the micro filarial load to the level the disease would no longer be a public health problem. 相似文献33.
N Belay R Sparling B S Choi M Roberts J E Roberts L Daniels 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》1988,971(3):233-245
Two mesophilic methanogenic bacteria, Methanobacterium bryantii strain MOH and Methanospirillum hungatei strain GP1 were demonstrated, using several different experimental approaches, to fix dinitrogen. Evidence includes (1) growth with N2 as the sole nitrogen source; (2) incorporation of 15N2 into cellular material (both soluble amino acid pools and insoluble cell protein and other macromolecules) detected by 15N-NMR spectroscopy; (3) acetylene reduction to ethylene by the cells, and inhibition of this reaction by bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES), a methanogen inhibitor. High-resolution 15N-NMR analysis of ethanol extracts of these organisms and cross-polarization magic-angle sample spinning analysis of the solid debris from these extracts are compared to labeled material from Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus, a methanogen previously determined to fix dinitrogen. 相似文献
34.
Developmental information on the structure and composition of the cartilaginous and bony skull in the large African barb Labeobarbus (=Barbus) intermedius (Teleostei; Cyprinidae) is provided. Sequences of cartilages and bones appearance from a large series of cleared and Alizarin red- and Alcian blue-stained laboratory-reared specimens ranging from prehatching larvae to juvenile stages are described. Comparisons of cranial development are made among cyprinids: L. intermedius, Danio rerio, Barbus barbus, and Cyprinus carpio. 相似文献
35.
Robert C. Holman Ermias D. Belay Krista Y. Christensen Ryan A. Maddox Arialdi M. Minino Arianne M. Folkema Dana L. Haberling Teresa A. Hammett Kenneth D. Kochanek James J. Sejvar Lawrence B. Schonberger 《PloS one》2010,5(1)
Background
Prion diseases are a family of rare, progressive, neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals. The most common form of human prion disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), occurs worldwide. Variant CJD (vCJD), a recently emerged human prion disease, is a zoonotic foodborne disorder that occurs almost exclusively in countries with outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.This study describes the occurrence and epidemiology of CJD and vCJD in the United States.Methodology/Principal Findings
Analysis of CJD and vCJD deaths using death certificates of US residents for 1979–2006, and those identified through other surveillance mechanisms during 1996–2008. Since CJD is invariably fatal and illness duration is usually less than one year, the CJD incidence is estimated as the death rate. During 1979 through 2006, an estimated 6,917 deaths with CJD as a cause of death were reported in the United States, an annual average of approximately 247 deaths (range 172–304 deaths). The average annual age-adjusted incidence for CJD was 0.97 per 1,000,000 persons. Most (61.8%) of the CJD deaths occurred among persons ≥65 years of age for an average annual incidence of 4.8 per 1,000,000 persons in this population. Most deaths were among whites (94.6%); the age-adjusted incidence for whites was 2.7 times higher than that for blacks (1.04 and 0.40, respectively). Three patients who died since 2004 were reported with vCJD; epidemiologic evidence indicated that their infection was acquired outside of the United States.Conclusion/Significance
Surveillance continues to show an annual CJD incidence rate of about 1 case per 1,000,000 persons and marked differences in CJD rates by age and race in the United States. Ongoing surveillance remains important for monitoring the stability of the CJD incidence rates, and detecting occurrences of vCJD and possibly other novel prion diseases in the United States. 相似文献36.
Silvio Notari Francisco J. Moleres Stephen B. Hunter Ermias D. Belay Lawrence B. Schonberger Ignazio Cali Piero Parchi Wun-Ju Shieh Paul Brown Sherif Zaki Wen-Quan Zou Pierluigi Gambetti 《PloS one》2010,5(1)
Background
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) is a prion disease thought to be acquired by the consumption of prion-contaminated beef products. To date, over 200 cases have been identified around the world, but mainly in the United Kingdom. Three cases have been identified in the United States; however, these subjects were likely exposed to prion infection elsewhere. Here we report on the first of these subjects.Methodology/Principal Findings
Neuropathological and genetic examinations were carried out using standard procedures. We assessed the presence and characteristics of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) in brain and 23 other organs and tissues using immunoblots performed directly on total homogenate or following sodium phosphotungstate precipitation to increase PrPres detectability. The brain showed a lack of typical spongiform degeneration and had large plaques, likely stemming from the extensive neuronal loss caused by the long duration (32 months) of the disease. The PrPres found in the brain had the typical characteristics of the PrPres present in vCJD. In addition to the brain and other organs known to be prion positive in vCJD, such as the lymphoreticular system, pituitary and adrenal glands, and gastrointestinal tract, PrPres was also detected for the first time in the dura mater, liver, pancreas, kidney, ovary, uterus, and skin.Conclusions/Significance
Our results indicate that the number of organs affected in vCJD is greater than previously realized and further underscore the risk of iatrogenic transmission in vCJD. 相似文献37.
Stacy M. Holzbauer Aaron S. DeVries James J. Sejvar Christine H. Lees Jennifer Adjemian Jennifer H. McQuiston Carlota Medus Catherine A. Lexau Julie R. Harris Sergio E. Recuenco Ermias D. Belay James F. Howell Bryan F. Buss Mady Hornig John D. Gibbins Scott E. Brueck Kirk E. Smith Richard N. Danila W. Ian Lipkin Daniel H. Lachance P. James. B. Dyck Ruth Lynfield 《PloS one》2010,5(3)
Background
In October 2007, a cluster of patients experiencing a novel polyradiculoneuropathy was identified at a pork abattoir (Plant A). Patients worked in the primary carcass processing area (warm room); the majority processed severed heads (head-table). An investigation was initiated to determine risk factors for illness.Methods and Results
Symptoms of the reported patients were unlike previously described occupational associated illnesses. A case-control study was conducted at Plant A. A case was defined as evidence of symptoms of peripheral neuropathy and compatible electrodiagnostic testing in a pork abattoir worker. Two control groups were used - randomly selected non-ill warm-room workers (n = 49), and all non-ill head-table workers (n = 56). Consenting cases and controls were interviewed and blood and throat swabs were collected. The 26 largest U.S. pork abattoirs were surveyed to identify additional cases. Fifteen cases were identified at Plant A; illness onsets occurred during May 2004–November 2007. Median age was 32 years (range, 21–55 years). Cases were more likely than warm-room controls to have ever worked at the head-table (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–26.7), removed brains or removed muscle from the backs of heads (AOR, 10.3; 95% CI, 1.5–68.5), and worked within 0–10 feet of the brain removal operation (AOR, 9.9; 95% CI, 1.2–80.0). Associations remained when comparing head-table cases and head-table controls. Workers removed brains by using compressed air that liquefied brain and generated aerosolized droplets, exposing themselves and nearby workers. Eight additional cases were identified in the only two other abattoirs using this technique. The three abattoirs that used this technique have stopped brain removal, and no new cases have been reported after 24 months of follow up. Cases compared to controls had higher median interferon-gamma (IFNγ) levels (21.7 pg/ml; vs 14.8 pg/ml, P<0.001).Discussion
This novel polyradiculoneuropathy was associated with removing porcine brains with compressed air. An autoimmune mechanism is supported by higher levels of IFNγ in cases than in controls consistent with other immune mediated illnesses occurring in association with neural tissue exposure. Abattoirs should not use compressed air to remove brains and should avoid procedures that aerosolize CNS tissue. This outbreak highlights the potential for respiratory or mucosal exposure to cause an immune-mediated illness in an occupational setting. 相似文献38.
Blood protein polymorphism of gelada baboon (Theropithecus gelada) to the south of the Rift Valley, Arsi Region, were examined for 36 genetic loci using three electrophoresis techniques for
48 blood samples from three localities, and compared with the northern geladas. New variant alleles and genetic markers of
Hb-α, PA-2, and TBPA loci were detected. The distribution patterns of the variant alleles of Hb-α, PA-2, TBPA, Pi, Gc, PGM-II,
and TBPA loci were localized in the geographic regions of south and north gelada populations, respectively. Genetic variability
of southern geladas was estimated as Ppoly=0.083 and
, which was comparable to northern geladas. A remarkably high genetic differentiation between the two geographic populations
was shown byNei's genetic distance=0.071 and GST value=0.420. Our results of genetic analysis suggest that the southern and northern gelada populations have been separated
for several hundred thousand years, and gene flow between the two geographic populations is severely restricted. The southern
gelada baboon may be regarded as a distinct subspecies. 相似文献
39.
Igietseme JU Ananaba GA Bolier J Bowers S Moore T Belay T Eko FO Lyn D Black CM 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2000,164(8):4212-4219
A new paradigm for designing vaccines against certain microbial pathogens, including Chlamydia trachomatis, is based on the induction of local mucosal Th1 response. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that exerts negative immunoregulatory influence on Th1 response. This study investigated whether biochemical modulation of endogenous IL-10 expression at the level of APCs is a practical strategy for enhancing the specific Th1 response against pathogens controlled by Th1 immunity. The results revealed that the high resistance of genetically engineered IL-10-/- (IL-10KO) mice to genital chlamydial infection is a function of the predilection of their APCs to rapidly and preferentially activate a high Th1 response. Thus, in microbiological analysis, IL-10KO mice suffered a shorter duration of infection, less microbial burden, and limited ascending infection than immunocompetent wild-type mice. Also, IL-10KO were resistant to reinfection after 8 wk of the primary infection. Cellular and molecular immunologic evaluation indicated that IL-10KO mice induced greater frequency of chlamydial-specific Th1 response following C. trachomatis infection. Moreover, IL-10KO APCs or antisense IL-10 oligonucleotide-treated wild-type APCs were potent activators of Th1 response from naive or immune T cells. Furthermore, both Ag-pulsed dendritic cells from IL-10KO mice and IL-10 antisense-treated dendritic cells from wild-type mice were efficient cellular vaccines in adoptive immunotherapeutic vaccination against genital chlamydial infection. These findings may furnish a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for boosting the Th1 response against T cell-controlled pathogens and tumors, using IL-10-deficient APCs as vaccine delivery agents. 相似文献
40.
Rebekah Stewart Schicker Neway Hiruy Berhanu Melak Woyneshet Gelaye Belay Bezabih Rob Stephenson Amy E. Patterson Zerihun Tadesse Paul M. Emerson Frank O. Richards Jr. Gregory S. Noland 《PloS one》2015,10(11)