Community ecology of helminth parasitism in an insular passerine avifauna.

Three hundred and thirty specimens of 7 species of passerine birds from South Bass Island, Ottawa County, Ohio, were examined for helminth parasites. The total number of helminth specimens collected was 4,333. Forty-one helminth taxa were identified. Ten species of helminths were identified as having foci of infection on the island. An index of association for these 10 species is presented. The low association revealed between helminth species utilizing common species of intermediate hosts indicated that a single intermediate host specimen is likely to harbor infective stages of only one species of parasitic helminth. An index of similarity is presented to express the species importance relationships of the helminth faunas of the 7 species of birds: red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), house sparrows (Passer domesticus), starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), and robins (Turdus migratorius). The results reveal that competition between these avian species for invertebrate food resources helps to maximize the transmission of those helminth populations which utilize these same invertebrates as intermediate hosts. The aggregation of birds into mixed feeding flocks insures a heavy loading of the feeding grounds with agents infective for the invertebrate populations.     

The prevention of dehydration injury in celery seeds by polyethylene glycol, abscisic acid, dark and high temperature

Celery seeds ( Apium graveolens L.) given a germination induction period (3 days imbibition at 17°C in the light) could be prevented from germinating by up to 14 days subsequent exposure to high temperature (32°C), polyethylene glycol (PEG), abscisic acid (ABA) or dark (22°C). When the seeds were returned to 17°C in the light, germination occurred and, except for the high temperature treatment, was more rapid compared to seeds given a germination induction period only.
Celery seeds incubated for 3 days at 17°C in the light and then air-dried at 20°C germinated slowly when re-sown at 17°C in the light, and achieved only 19% germination after 21 days. Exposing the seeds to high temperature, PEG, ABA or dark for up to 14 days before drying maintained seed viability and subsequent germination was faster. The longer treatment periods gave increased benefit, and PEG was the most effective treatment. It is suggested that the effectiveness of the treatments in inducing dehydration tolerance relates to their ability to inhibit germination possibly via their prevention of cell expansion.     

Anti-coccidial activity of 2-picoline, 6-amino-4-nitro-, 1-oxide

An investigational drug (2-picoline, 6-amino-4-nitro-, 1-oxide) was evaluated to characterize the anti-coccidial spectrum of the compound. Two concentrations of the drug (125 and 250 ppm) were evaluated for bioactivity; weight gain, survival, dropping, and lesion scores were the response variables utilized to ascertain activity. The activities of the picoline derivative were compared with monensin, maduramicin, and a narasin/nicarbazin (1:1) combination. The investigational drug had significant activity against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix, and the 250-ppm level was significantly more active than 125 ppm. At 250 ppm, the E. tenella activity of the picoline derivative was comparable to both monensin (120 ppm) and the 50-ppm narasin/nicarbazin combination, significantly less effective than maduramicin (6 ppm), and significantly more efficacious than 30 ppm narasin/nicarbazin. At the same level (250 ppm), the picoline derivative had significantly less E. necatrix activity than monensin (120 ppm), maduramicin (6 ppm), and narasin/nicarbazin (50 ppm), and significantly greater activity than 30 ppm narasin/nicarbazin. At best, only extremely weak Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti, and Eimeria maxima activities were noted with the investigational drug; higher concentrations of the picoline derivative may achieve greater anti-coccidial activity against these species. The efficacy of narasin/nicarbazin compared favorably with monensin and maduramicin; the 50-ppm level of the combination appeared significantly more efficacious than 30-ppm.     

Persistence of cyclicity of the plasma dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid, in neuroleptic treated schizophrenic patients

The dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid, decreases in concentration in plasma between 8:30 A.M. and 12:30 P.M. In patients with schizophrenia this cyclic change is attenuated by chronic neuroleptic treatment; however, if the 8 A.M. dose of neuroleptic is omitted, the decrease in level occurs. Presuming that neuroleptics attenuate the decline through a receptor mediated compensatory increase in dopamine release, it would appear that receptors are not fully occupied by neuroleptics even at therapeutically effective doses. The usual morning decrease in plasma cortisol levels was unaffected by neuroleptics.     

NMR studies of L-dopa melanin-manganese(II) complex in water solution

The study of water relaxation rates of solutions of melanins with paramagnetic metal ions provides a powerful tool for investigating the binding sites and for obtaining useful structural and dynamic information. The measure of 1H- and 2H-longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates at a single, high-magnetic field for H2O/D2O (80:20) solutions allows the determination of tau c, tau R, tau e, tau M, r, q, and Z (the outer sphere contribution to the overall relaxation rate) for Mn(II)-L-Dopa melanin system.     

Inhibition of benzoyl peroxide/Cu2+-dependent lipid peroxidation by manganese

1. Formation of peroxides by benxoyl peroxide (BPO) and CuCl2 was examined in the human red blood cell ghost. 2. Amounts of peroxides formed increased with the amount of the ghost solution added. 3. Of all the cations tested only manganese ion inhibited the formation of peroxides in BPO-CuCl2 reaction system. 4. The formation of peroxides was inhibited approx. 50% with 0.4 microM manganese. 5. The inhibitory manner of manganese was non-competitive against copper.     

Changes in the amino acid sequence of hemagglutinin during sequential adaptation of human influenza virus A to replication in mice

The primary structure of hemagglutinin (HA) gene of Influenza virus A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) variants after 3 and 11 passages has been determined. In the HA1 coding region of mice-adapted virus (11 passages) there are two amino acid substitutions: Thr 89----Ala and Asn 127----Asp. At the first stage of adaptation (3-rd passage) only a single mutation was detected: Asn 127----Asp. The adaptation is accompanied by the loss of specific carbohydrate attachment sites adjacent to the receptor-binding site located at HA1 subunit with a concomitant variation in antigenicity.