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31.
SplitsTree: analyzing and visualizing evolutionary data 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
MOTIVATION: Real evolutionary data often contain a number of different and
sometimes conflicting phylogenetic signals, and thus do not always clearly
support a unique tree. To address this problem, Bandelt and Dress (Adv.
Math., 92, 47-05, 1992) developed the method of split decomposition. For
ideal data, this method gives rise to a tree, whereas less ideal data are
represented by a tree-like network that may indicate evidence for different
and conflicting phylogenies. RESULTS: SplitsTree is an interactive program,
for analyzing and visualizing evolutionary data, that implements this
approach. It also supports a number of distances transformations, the
computation of parsimony splits, spectral analysis and bootstrapping.
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32.
Recent experiments support the idea that upper thermal limits of aquatic insects arise, at least in part, from a lack of sufficient oxygen: rising temperatures typically stimulate metabolic demand for oxygen more than they increase rates of oxygen supply from the environment. Consequently, factors influencing oxygen supply, like water flow, should also affect thermal and hypoxia tolerance. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the effects of experimentally manipulated flows on the heat and hypoxia tolerance of aquatic nymphs of the giant salmonfly (Plecoptera: Pteronarcys californica), a common stonefly in western North America. As predicted, stoneflies in flowing water (10 cm s−1) tolerated water that was approximately 4°C warmer and that contained approximately 15% less oxygen than did those in standing water. Our results imply that the impacts of climate change on streamflow, such as changes in patterns of precipitation and decreased snowpack, will magnify the threats to aquatic insects from warmer water temperatures and lower oxygen levels. 相似文献