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21.
Morphology and coexistence of congeneric ectoparasite species: reinforcement of reproductive isolation? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ANDREA IMKOVÁ MARKÉTA ONDRAKOVÁ MILAN GELNAR SERGE MORAND 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2002,76(1):125-135
Assuming that differences or similarities in morphology among congeneric parasite species living in the same habitat are not a random pattern, several hypotheses explaining morphological differences were tested: (i) reproductive isolation, (ii) niche restriction resulting from competition, and (iii) niche specialization. Congeneric monogenean (platyhelminth) ectoparasites parasitizing the gills of one host species were used as an ecological model. Morphometric distances of the attachment organ and morphometric distances of the copulatory organ between species pairs were calculated, Levin's niche size and Renkonen niche overlap indices were applied. Our results support the prediction that the function of niche segregation is to achieve reproductive isolation of related species in order to prevent hybridization (reinforcement of reproductive barriers). Parasite species living in the same niche differ greatly in the size of copulatory organ. Moreover, species coexistence is facilitated by an increase in morphometric distances of copulatory organ and niche centre distances. Our results also show that species living in overlapping niches have similar attachment organs, which supports the prediction that morphologically similar species have the same ecological requirements within one host and suggests small effects of interspecific competition for the evolution of morphological diversity of attachment organs. Specialist adaptations also seem to facilitate species coexistence and affect the niche distribution within host species. Parasite species that can colonize more than one host species, i.e. generalists, occupy more distant niches within host species than strictly host-specific parasites. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 76, 125–135. 相似文献
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Distribution of amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in the oral cavity of the hamster 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
The distribution of amiloride-sensitive sodium channels (ASSCs) in taste
buds isolated from the oral cavity of hamsters was assessed by patch clamp
recording. In contrast to the case for rats, taste cells from the
fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae and from the soft palate all
contain functional ASSCs. The differential distribution of ASSCs between
the hamster and the rat may be important for understanding the physiology
underlying the differing behavioral responses of these species to sodium
salts.
相似文献
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The Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR) is a component of the respiratory chain of various bacteria that generates a redox-driven transmembrane electrochemical
Na+ potential. The Na+-NQR activity is known to be specifically inhibited by low concentrations of silver ions. Replacement of the conserved Cys377
residue with alanine in the NqrF subunit of Na+-NQR from Vibrio harveyi resulted in resistance of the enzyme to Ag+ and to other heavy metal ions. Analysis of the catalytic activity also showed that the rate of electron input into the mutant
Na+-NQR decreased by about 14-fold in comparison to the wild type enzyme, whereas all other properties of NqrFC377A Na+-NQR including its stability remained unaffected. 相似文献
27.
Mamedov FR Arutiunov NV Usachev DIu Mel'nikova-Pitskhelauri TV Piashina DV Fadeeva LM Kornienko VN 《Vestnik rentgenologii i radiologii》2011,(1):4-10
The diagnostic arsenal for extracranial stenosis includes both ultrasound techniques, such as transcranial Doppler and duplex sonography, which are not only screening methods, but also are used at surgery, and high-tech neuroradiological techniques, such as spiral computed tomographic and magnetic resonance angiography, which can visualize structural changes in the vessel walls and qualitatively and functionally evaluate blood flow in the vascular bed. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of non-invasive diagnostic methods, such as magnetic resonance angiography, including phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography and spiral computed tomographic angiography, in the detection and comprehensive evaluation of stenoses and to compare the feasibilities of noninvasive procedures with the gold standard--selective angiography. 相似文献
28.
Salivary gland duct ligation is an alternative to gland excision for treating sialorrhea or reducing salivary gland size prior to tumor excision. Duct ligation also is used as an approach to study salivary gland aging, regeneration, radiotherapy, sialolithiasis and sialadenitis. Reports conflict about the contribution of each salivary cell population to gland size reduction after ductal ligation. Certain cell populations, especially acini, reportedly undergo atrophy, apoptosis and proliferation during reduction of gland size. Acini also have been reported to de-differentiate into ducts. These contradictory results have been attributed to different animal or salivary gland models, or to methods of ligation. We report here a bilateral double ligature technique for rabbit parotid glands with histologic observations at 1, 7, 14, 30, 60 days after ligation. A large battery of special stains and immunohistochemical procedures was employed to define the cell populations. Four stages with overlapping features were observed that led to progressive shutdown of gland activities: 1) marked atrophy of the acinar cells occurred by 14 days, 2) response to and removal of the secretory material trapped in the acinar and ductal lumens mainly between 30 and 60 days, 3) reduction in the number of parenchymal (mostly acinar) cells by apoptosis that occurred mainly between 14–30 days, and 4) maintenance of steady-state at 60 days with a low rate of fluid, protein, and glycoprotein secretion, which greatly decreased the number of leukocytes engaged in the removal of the luminal contents. The main post- ligation characteristics were dilation of ductal and acinar lumens, massive transient infiltration of mostly heterophils (rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes), acinar atrophy, and apoptosis of both acinar and ductal cells. Proliferation was uncommon except in the larger ducts. By 30 days, the distribution of myoepithelial cells had spread from exclusively investing the intercalated ducts pre-ligation to surrounding a majority of the residual duct-like structures, many of which clearly were atrophic acini. Thus, both atrophy and apoptosis made major contributions to the post-ligation reduction in gland size. Structures also occurred with both ductal and acinar markers that suggested acini differentiating into ducts. Overall, the reaction to duct ligation proceeded at a considerably slower pace in the rabbit parotid glands than has been reported for the salivary glands of the rat. 相似文献
29.
Fossil plants from the lower part of Xianshuihe Formation in the Lanzhou Basin, Gansu
Province were studied. The flora contains 29 species, representing 20 genera and 12 families, which
include Lauraceae ( Daphnogene ), Lardizabalaceae ( Akebia ), Berberidaceae ( Berberis ), Ulmaceae
( Planera, Ulmus, Zelkova ), Betulaceae ( Alnus, Carpinus ), Myricaceae( Myrica ), Salicaceae
( Populus, Salix), Myrsinaceae(Ardisia), Rosaceae ( Prunus, Sorbus, Sorbaria, Spiraea ), Leguminosae ( Gleditsia, Sophora), Anacardiaceae (Rhus), Caprifoliaceae(Viburnum). An analysis
of the floristic elements and their foliar physiognomy shows that most members of the flora are deciduous broad-leaved trees or shrubs with a few evergreen shrubs. The most noteworthy species is Rhus
turcomanica which was present in the Middle Eocene to Late Eocene of Central Asia (Kazakhstan,
Turkmenistan). Generally, Rhus turcomanica occurred at the same beds as Palibinia, an extinct
fossil plant whose presence indicates a subtropical dry climate. Another species, Sorbaria callicomifolia Kornilova was present from the Early Oligocene to Early Miocene of Central Asia (Kazakhstan
and Turkmenistan). According to an analysis of spores and pollen, this flora contains over 20 species. It is predominated by the angiosperm pollen. There appeared Ephedripites and Nitrariadites
which were important elements in the dry area. Ephedripites was found from the Upper Cretaceous to
Early Tertiary. Nitrariadites occurred in the Late Miocene, whereas Rhus turcomanica and Sorbaria
callicomifolia were both reported in the subtropical dry area from the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene. The latest record of Rhus turcomanica is from the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene of Central
Asia. The presence of this element in the lower part of Xianshuihe Formation may indicate that itsage is the latest stage of the Early Oligocene. 相似文献
30.
NORMAN R. DOLLAHON RICHARD HAGER TA CHIH HUA 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1983,30(1):58-62
ABSTRACT. Herpetomonas megaseliae, Crithidia fasciculata , and Leptomonas collosoma from culture survived gut passage in Anolis carolinensis following their ingestion by this lizard. Maximum persistence of H. megaseliae in lizards, as detected by fecal culture, was seven days. No invasion of tissues by H. megaseliae could be detected by means of sectioned material, stained impression slides, or cultures inoculated with material from organs. Crithidia fasciculata was evident in cloacal fluid for up to three days in wet mount preparations. Leptomonas collosoma was observed in feces 24 h after the organisms were fed to lizards. Both C. fasciculata and L. collosoma were cultured from feces of lizards fed the parasites 24 h earlier. Herpetomonas megaseliae was differentiated in lizard feces, with greater than 40% of the forms observed being paramastigotes or opisthomastigotes. Truncate, semispherical forms resembling choanomastigotes were seen, but the kinetoplast was posterior to the nucleus in some of these. Many forms showed extensive coiling of the axoneme within the body of the flagellate. Choanomastigotes and spheromastigotes of C. fasciculata and promastigotes, sphero-mastigotes and amastigotes of L. collosoma were also observed in the feces. 相似文献