Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome-associated hantaviruses contain conserved and functional ITAM signaling elements

Hantaviruses infect human endothelial and immune cells, causing two human diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). We have identified key signaling elements termed immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) within the G1 cytoplasmic tail of all HPS-causing hantaviruses. ITAMs direct receptor signaling within immune and endothelial cells and the presence of ITAMs in all HPS-causing hantaviruses provides a means for altering normal cellular responses which maintain vascular integrity. The NY-1 G1 ITAM was shown to coprecipitate a complex of phosphoproteins from cells, and the G1 ITAM is a substrate for the Src family kinase Fyn. The hantavirus ITAM coprecipitated Lyn, Syk, and ZAP-70 kinases from T or B cells, while mutagenesis of the ITAM abolished these interactions. In addition, G1 ITAM tyrosines directed intracellular interactions with Syk by mammalian two-hybrid analysis. These findings demonstrate that G1 ITAMs bind key cellular kinases that regulate immune and endothelial cell functions. There is currently no means for establishing the role of the G1 ITAM in hantavirus pathogenesis. However, the conservation of G1 ITAMs in all HPS-causing hantaviruses and the role of these signaling elements in immune and endothelial cells suggest that functional G1 ITAMs are likely to dysregulate normal immune and endothelial cell responses and contribute to hantavirus pathogenesis.     

Molecular evolution of the Escherichia coli chromosome. VI. Two regions of high effective recombination

Two 6- to 8-min regions, centered respectively near 45 min (O-antigen region) and 99 min (restriction-modification region) on the Escherichia coli chromosome, display unusually high variability among 11 otherwise very similar strains. This variation, revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nucleotide sequence comparisons, appears to be due to a great local increase in the retention frequency of recombinant replacements. We infer a two-step mechanism. The first step is the acquisition of a small stretch of DNA from a phylogenetically distant source. The second is the successful retransmission of the imported DNA, together with flanking native DNA, to other strains of E. coli. Each cell containing the newly transferred DNA has a very high selective advantage until it reaches a high frequency and (in the O-antigen case) is recognized by the new host's immune system. A high selective advantage increases the probability of retention greatly; the effective recombination rate is the product of the basic recombination rate and the probability of retention. Nearby nucleotide sequences clockwise from the O-antigen (rfb) region are correlated with specific O antigens, confirming local hitchhiking. Comparable selection involving imported restriction endonuclease genes is proposed for the region near 99 min.     

The VirB4 family of proposed traffic nucleoside triphosphatases: common motifs in plasmid RP4 TrbE are essential for conjugation and phage adsorption

Proteins of the VirB4 family are encoded by conjugative plasmids and by type IV secretion systems, which specify macromolecule export machineries related to conjugation systems. The central feature of VirB4 proteins is a nucleotide binding site. In this study, we asked whether members of the VirB4 protein family have similarities in their primary structures and whether these proteins hydrolyze nucleotides. A multiple-sequence alignment of 19 members of the VirB4 protein family revealed striking overall similarities. We defined four common motifs and one conserved domain. One member of this protein family, TrbE of plasmid RP4, was genetically characterized by site-directed mutagenesis. Most mutations in trbE resulted in complete loss of its activities, which eliminated pilus production, propagation of plasmid-specific phages, and DNA transfer ability in Escherichia coli. Biochemical studies of a soluble derivative of RP4 TrbE and of the full-length homologous protein R388 TrwK revealed that the purified forms of these members of the VirB4 protein family do not hydrolyze ATP or GTP and behave as monomers in solution.     

Molecular mechanisms of bacteria induced apoptosis

Interaction of mammalian cells with pathogenic bacteria results in a whole variety of responses in the infected cells including internalization or phagocytosis of the bacterium, release of cytokines, secretion of defensins or production of oxygen radicals. However, recent studies pointed out that many bacteria are able to trigger apoptosis in the host cell. The induction of apoptosis upon infection results from a complex interaction of bacterial proteins with cellular proteins finally mediating apoptosis. Thus, bacteria are able to activate several pro-apoptotic proteins, e.g. caspases, to inactivate anti-apoptotic proteins, e.g. NFB or MAP-kinases, or to upregulate endogenous receptor/ligand systems, that induce apoptosis, on the surface of the infected cell. Host cell apoptosis very often serves the bacteria to attack the host and to gain access to the tissue. However, in some infections, apoptosis of mammalian cells significantly contributes to the host defense against the bacteria further indicating the role of apoptosis in host-pathogen interactions.     

Human Mps1 kinase is required for the spindle assembly checkpoint but not for centrosome duplication

Budding yeast Mps1p kinase has been implicated in both the duplication of microtubule-organizing centers and the spindle assembly checkpoint. Here we show that hMps1, the human homolog of yeast Mps1p, is a cell cycle-regulated kinase with maximal activity during M phase. hMps1 localizes to kinetochores and its activity and phosphorylation state increase upon activation of the mitotic checkpoint. By antibody microinjection and siRNA, we demonstrate that hMps1 is required for human cells to undergo checkpoint arrest in response to microtubule depolymerization. In contrast, centrosome (re-)duplication as well as cell division occur in the absence of hMps1. We conclude that hMps1 is required for the spindle assembly checkpoint but not for centrosome duplication.     

Starch biosynthesis and intermediary metabolism in maize kernels. Quantitative analysis of metabolite flux by nuclear magnetic resonance

The seeds of cereals represent an important sink for metabolites during the accumulation of storage products, and seeds are an essential component of human and animal nutrition. Understanding the metabolic interconversions (networks) underpinning storage product formation could provide the foundation for effective metabolic engineering of these primary nutritional sources. In this paper, we describe the use of retrobiosynthetic nuclear magnetic resonance analysis to establish the metabolic history of the glucose (Glc) units of starch in maize (Zea mays) kernels. Maize kernel cultures were grown with [U-(13)C(6)]Glc, [U-(13)C(12)]sucrose, or [1,2-(13)C(2)]acetate as supplements. After 19 d, starch was hydrolyzed, and the isotopomer composition of the resulting Glc was determined by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. [1,2-(13)C(2)]Acetate was not incorporated into starch. [U-(13)C(6)]Glc or [U-(13)C(12)]sucrose gave similar labeling patterns of polysaccharide Glc units, which were dominated by [1,2,3-(13)C(3)]- and [4,5,6-(13)C(3)]-isotopomers, whereas the [U-(13)C(6)]-, [3,4,5,6-(13)C(4)]-, [1,2-(13)C(2)]-, [5,6-(13)C(2)], [3-(13)C(1)], and [4-(13)C(1)]-isotopomers were present at lower levels. These isotopomer compositions indicate that there is extensive recycling of Glc before its incorporation into starch, via the enzymes of glycolytic, glucogenic, and pentose phosphate pathways. The relatively high abundance of the [5,6-(13)C(2)]-isotopomer can be explained by the joint operation of glycolysis/glucogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway.     

Conceptual data modelling for bioinformatics

Current research in the biosciences depends heavily on the effective exploitation of huge amounts of data. These are in disparate formats, remotely dispersed, and based on the different vocabularies of various disciplines. Furthermore, data are often stored or distributed using formats that leave implicit many important features relating to the structure and semantics of the data. Conceptual data modelling involves the development of implementation-independent models that capture and make explicit the principal structural properties of data. Entities such as a biopolymer or a reaction, and their relations, eg catalyses, can be formalised using a conceptual data model. Conceptual models are implementation-independent and can be transformed in systematic ways for implementation using different platforms, eg traditional database management systems. This paper describes the basics of the most widely used conceptual modelling notations, the ER (entity-relationship) model and the class diagrams of the UML (unified modelling language), and illustrates their use through several examples from bioinformatics. In particular, models are presented for protein structures and motifs, and for genomic sequences.     

NMR spectroscopic and theoretical study of the complexation of the inhibitor allosamidin in the binding pocket of the plant chitinase hevamine

Based on NMR spectroscopic information about the allosamidin-hevamine complex, ab initio MO calculations of the ring current effect of the aromatic moieties of Trp255, Tyr183 and Tyr6 of hevamine were carried out to investigate the role of these amino acid residues in binding interactions with allosamidin in solution. In addition, the intermolecular steric compression effect on the 13C chemical shifts of the allosamizoline carbon atoms and the hydrogen bonding to Glu127 was identified. It can be inferred that the binding forces are strongest in the allosamizoline moiety of allosamidin.