Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Molecular Forms of Butyrylcholinesterase in Denervated Fast and Slow Latissimus Dorsi Muscles of Newly Hatched Chicken

The effects of denervation and direct electrical stimulation upon the activity and the molecular form distribution of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were studied in fast-twitch posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) and in slow-tonic anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscles of newly hatched chicken. In PLD muscle, denervation performed at day 2 substantially reduced the rate of rapid decrease of BuChE specific activity which takes place during normal development, whereas in the case of ALD muscle little change was observed. Moreover, the asymmetric forms which were dramatically reduced in denervated PLD muscle were virtually absent in denervated ALD muscle at day 14. Denervated PLD and ALD muscles were stimulated from day 4 to day 14 of age. Two patterns of stimulation were applied, either 5-Hz frequency (slow rhythm) or 40-Hz frequency (fast rhythm). Both patterns of stimulation provided the same number of impulses per day (about 61,000). In PLD muscle, electrical stimulation almost totally prevented the postdenervation loss in asymmetric forms and led to a decrease in BuChE specific activity. In ALD muscle, electrical stimulation partially prevented the asymmetric form loss which occurs after denervation. This study emphasizes the role of evoked muscle activity in the regulation of BuChE asymmetric forms in the fast PLD muscle and the differential response of denervated slow and fast muscles to electrical stimulation.     

Immunological and chemical characterization of hamster brain polyribosomes-cytomatrix complexes

We have studied the cytoskeletal nature of a brain subcellular fraction previously shown to contain polyribosomes. We have identified the major proteins of this fraction by electrophoretic comparison to a standard cytoskeletal fraction and by immunodetection. These methods have shown the presence of actin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neurofilament triplet proteins. We have also studied the effect of various ions and nonionic detergents on the stability of this structure. It was stable in presence of Triton X-100 up to 2% but disrupted by 200 mM K⁺ acetate.Abbreviations CMT cytomatrix - CSK cytoskeleton - DOC sodium deoxycholate - DTT dithiothreitol - EGTA ethylenglycolbis (-Ether)-N,N-N-N-Tetraacetic Acid - GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein - PR polyribosome - PRCMC polyribosomes-cytomatrix complex     

In vitro localization of the protein synthesis defect associated with experimental phenylketonuria

We have used a cell-free system derived from hamster brain to investigate protein synthesis during experimental phenylketonuria. In such a system the elongation inhibitor emetine impeded translation in extracts derived from both treated and control animals. On the other hand the initiation inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid showed no effects on protein synthesis activity of treated hamsters, although it was severely inhibiting in controls. This suggests that initiation is the altered step in brain protein synthesis failure consecutive to phenylketonuria.Abbreviations ATA aurintricarboxylic acid - HPA hyperphenylalaninaemia (hyperphenylalaninaemic) - PHE phenylalanine - PKU phenylketonuria (phenylketonuric) - PR polyribosome     

A molecular defect in human protoporphyria.

Protoporphyria is generally an autosomal dominant disease that is characterized clinically by photosensitivity and hepatobiliary disease and that is characterized biochemically by elevated protoporphyrin levels. The enzymatic activity of ferrochelatase, which catalyzes the last step in the heme biosynthetic pathway, is deficient in all tissues of patients with protoporphyria. In this study, sequencing of ferrochelatase cDNAs from a patient with protoporphyria revealed a single point mutation in the cDNAs resulting in the conversion of a Phe(TTC) to a Ser(TCC) in the carboxy-terminal end of the protein, F417S. Further, the human ferrochelatase gene was mapped to chromosome 18q21.3 by chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization. Finally, expression of recombinant ferrochelatase in Escherichia coli demonstrated a marked deficiency in activity of the mutant ferrochelatase protein and of mouse-human mutant ferrochelatase chimeric proteins. Therefore, a point mutation in the coding region of the ferrochelatase gene is the genetic defect in some patients with protoporphyria.     

Expression and distribution of carbohydrate sequences in chick germ cells: a comparative study with lectins and the NC-1/HNK-1 monoclonal antibody

The expression of end-chain sugar residues and of oligosaccharidic sequences has been investigated in chick germ cells at critical stages during the migration, proliferation and sexual differentiation of these cells. Fluorescent lectins and indirect immunofluorescence studies using the NC-1/HNK-1 monoclonal antibody indicate a remarkable control of glycosylation during germ cell embryonal life. Besides a retained expression of glucose/mannose residues, it was found that alpha- and beta-galactose residues, N-acetyllactosamine and N-N' diacetylchitobiose sequences as well as the sulfated trisaccharidic NC-1 epitope were detectable in a stage-specific pattern. Present at a very high density in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the early germ cells at premigrative and migratory stages, the staining for these carbohydrate sequences gradually disappeared when the germ cells settled and proliferated in the developing gonadal primordia. The disaccharide Gal beta 1----3 Gal NAc was exclusively detected in migrating PGCs. In sexualized gonads, acetyllactosamine and/or diacetylchitobiose were similarly reexpressed in both oogonia and spermatogonia. Spermatogonia displayed beta-galactose residues and a high immunoreactivity with the NC1 Mab, indicating modulations in PGC glycosylations related to the acquisition of sexual phenotypes. In addition NC-1 was found to be expressed in the somatic component of the undifferentiated gonad and in the testis interstitial gland.     

Relationships between mesohabitats, ichthyological communities and IBI metrics adapted to a European river basin (The Meuse, Belgium)

We investigated the influence of mesohabitats on fish communities and on attributes of a multimetric index of fish integrity in the River Meuse basin. Three consecutive 150 m sectors in a Meuse tributary (Ourthe, Belgium), each divided in two or three sub-sections presenting various percentages of mesohabitats (riffles, runs and pools), were sampled by electrofishing. In each sub-section, relative and absolute biomasses of each fish species were estimated. The presence of limnophilic cyprinids was inversely correlated (r ² = 0.70 and 0.56 for absolute and relative biomass, respectively) with the percentage of riffles. Salmonids preferred runs and their absolute biomass was highly dependent (r ² = 0.71) on the proportion of this mesohabitat, whereas biomass of limnophilic cyprinids was highly correlated (r ² = 0.75 and r ² = 0.82 for absolute and relative biomass, respectively) with pools. A positive correlation (r ² = 0.58) was established between relative biomass of predators and the percentage of this mesohabitat. An IBI was calculated for the three sectors on the basis of results from the entire Meuse catchment. Scores of most metrics showed low variation among sectors but values of two metrics (% of individuals as tolerant, % of individuals as ubiquitous spawners) were greatest in sector 2, where pools predominated. Further, the lowest IBI score (51/65, integrity class: fair to good) was recorded in sector 2 where pools dominated, while sector 1 (where runs dominated) obtained the highest score (63/65, integrity class: excellent). Sector 3 which has a balanced proportion of riffles and runs obtained an intermediate score (57/65). Considering the response of IBI to the natural variation of mesohabitat proportions, it appears that an accurate sampling requires the prospection of a variety of mesohabitats (with a majority of runs) for the evaluation of river quality.     

Cell cycle dependent distribution of a centrosomal antigen at the perinuclear MTOC or at the kinetochores of higher plant cells

Compelling evidence has been obtained in favour of the idea that the nuclear surface of higher plant cells is a microtubule-nucleating and/or organizing site (MTOC), in the absence of defined centrosomes. How these plant MTOC proteins are redistributed and function during the progression of the cell cycle remains entirely unknown. Using a monoclonal antibody (mAb 6C6) raised against isolated calf thymus centrosomes and showing apparent reaction with the plant nuclear surface, we followed the targeted antigen distribution during mitosis and meiosis of higher plants. Immunoblot analysis of protein fractions from Allium root meristematic cell extracts probed with mAb 6C6 reveals a polypeptide of an apparent Mr of 78000. In calf centrosome extracts, a polypeptide of comparable molecular mass is found in addition to a major antigen of Mr 180000 after mAb 6C6 immunoblotting. During mitotic initiation, the plant antigen is prominent on the periphery of the prophase nucleus. When the nuclear envelope breaks down, the antigen suddenly becomes associated with the centromere-kinetochores until late anaphase. In telophase, when the nuclear envelope is being reconstructed, it is no longer detected at the kinetochores but is solely associated again with the nuclear surface. This antigen displays a unique spatial and temporal distribution, which may reflect the pathway of plant protein(s) between the nuclear surface and the kinetochores under cell cycle control. So far, such processes have not been described in higher plant cells. These observations shed light on the putative activity of the plant kinetochore as a protein transporter. They also suggest that a plant centrosome-like antigen may have different cytoskeletal related functions depending on cell cycle regulated changes in its subcellular distribution.Abbreviations mAb monoclonal antibody - MSB microtubule stabilizing buffer - TBS Tris buffered saline - MTOC microtubule organizing centre