全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1837篇 |
免费 | 132篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 13篇 |
2022年 | 23篇 |
2021年 | 66篇 |
2020年 | 45篇 |
2019年 | 64篇 |
2018年 | 75篇 |
2017年 | 76篇 |
2016年 | 98篇 |
2015年 | 103篇 |
2014年 | 119篇 |
2013年 | 141篇 |
2012年 | 137篇 |
2011年 | 130篇 |
2010年 | 93篇 |
2009年 | 67篇 |
2008年 | 105篇 |
2007年 | 95篇 |
2006年 | 78篇 |
2005年 | 59篇 |
2004年 | 50篇 |
2003年 | 41篇 |
2002年 | 41篇 |
2001年 | 33篇 |
2000年 | 19篇 |
1999年 | 26篇 |
1998年 | 12篇 |
1997年 | 11篇 |
1996年 | 12篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1968年 | 8篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1965年 | 4篇 |
1964年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1969条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
41.
42.
Application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) to the Cultivation Line of Mushroom and Other Cultivated Edible Fungi 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
José E. Pardo Vinícius Reis de Figueirêdo Manuel Álvarez-Ortí Diego C. Zied Jesús A. Peñaranda Eustáquio Souza Dias Arturo Pardo-Giménez 《Indian journal of microbiology》2013,53(3):359-369
The Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) is a preventive system which seeks to ensure food safety and security. It allows product protection and correction of errors, improves the costs derived from quality defects and reduces the final overcontrol. In this paper, the system is applied to the line of cultivation of mushrooms and other edible cultivated fungi. From all stages of the process, only the reception of covering materials (stage 1) and compost (stage 3), the pre-fruiting and induction (step 6) and the harvest (stage 7) have been considered as critical control point (CCP). The main hazards found were the presence of unauthorized phytosanitary products or above the permitted dose (stages 6 and 7), and the presence of pathogenic bacteria (stages 1 and 3) and/or heavy metals (stage 3). The implementation of this knowledge will allow the self-control of their productions based on the system HACCP to any plant dedicated to mushroom or other edible fungi cultivation. 相似文献
43.
Rosane Dias Costa Vanessa Amaral Mendon?a Frederico Marianetti Soriani Sandra Lyon Rachel Adriana Penido Ana Maria Duarte Dias Costa Marina Dias Costa Fabio de Souza Terra Mauro Martins Teixeira Carlos Mauricio de Figueiredo Antunes Antonio Lúcio Teixeira 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(8):1051-1056
Leprosy is an infectious and contagious spectral disease accompanied by a series of
immunological events triggered by the host response to the aetiologic agent,
Mycobacterium leprae . The induction and maintenance of the
immune/inflammatory response in leprosy are linked to multiple cell interactions and
soluble factors, primarily through the action of cytokines. The purpose of the
present study was to evaluate the serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and
its soluble receptors (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2) in leprosy patients at different stages
of multidrug treatment (MDT) in comparison with non-infected individuals and to
determine their role as putative biomarkers of the severity of leprosy or the
treatment response. ELISA was used to measure the levels of these molecules in 30
healthy controls and 37 leprosy patients at the time of diagnosis and during and
after MDT. Our results showed increases in the serum levels of TNF-α and sTNF-R2 in
infected individuals in comparison with controls. The levels of TNF-α, but not
sTNF-R2, decreased with treatment. The current results corroborate previous reports
of elevated serum levels of TNF-α in leprosy and suggest a role for sTNF-R2 in the
control of this cytokine during MDT. 相似文献
44.
Cleoni Alves Mendes de Lima Harrison Magdinier Gomes Maraníbia Aparecida Cardoso Oelemann Jesus Pais Ramos Paulo Cezar Caldas Carlos Eduardo Dias Campos Márcia Aparecida da Silva Pereira Fátima Fandinho Onofre Montes Maria do Socorro Calixto de Oliveira Philip Noel Suffys Maria Manuela da Fonseca Moura 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2013,108(4):457-462
The main cause of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). We aimed to evaluate the
contribution of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) to pulmonary disease in
patients from the state of Rondônia using respiratory samples and
epidemiological data from TB cases. Mycobacterium isolates were identified using
a combination of conventional tests, polymerase chain reaction-based restriction
enzyme analysis of hsp65 gene and hsp65 gene
sequencing. Among the 1,812 cases suspected of having pulmonary TB, 444 yielded
bacterial cultures, including 369 cases positive for MTB and 75 cases positive
for NTM. Within the latter group, 14 species were identified as
Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium
avium, Mycobacterium fortuitum,
Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium
gilvum, Mycobacterium gordonae,
Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium
tusciae, Mycobacterium porcinum,
Mycobacterium novocastrense, Mycobacterium
simiae, Mycobacterium szulgai,
Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium
holsaticum and 13 isolates could not be identified at the species
level. The majority of NTM cases were observed in Porto Velho and the relative
frequency of NTM compared with MTB was highest in Ji-Paraná. In approximately
half of the TB subjects with NTM, a second sample containing NTM was obtained,
confirming this as the disease-causing agent. The most frequently observed NTM
species were M. abscessus and M. avium and
because the former species is resistant to many antibiotics and displays
unsatisfactory cure rates, the implementation of rapid identification of
mycobacterium species is of considerable importance. 相似文献
45.
João Vidigal Mafalda M. Dias Fabiana Fernandes Marco Patrone Cláudia Bispo Cláudia Andrade Rui Gardner Manuel J.T. Carrondo Paula M. Alves Ana P. Teixeira 《Journal of biotechnology》2013
Insect cell lines such as Sf9 and High Five™ have been widely used to produce recombinant proteins mostly by the lytic baculovirus vector system. We have recently established an expression platform in Sf9 cells using a fluorescence-based recombinase mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) strategy which has similar development timelines but avoids baculovirus infection. To expedite cell engineering efforts, a robust fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) protocol optimized for insect cells was developed here. The standard sorting conditions used for mammalian cells proved to be unsuitable, resulting in post-sorting viabilities below 10% for both cell lines. We found that the extreme sensitivity to the shear stress displayed by Sf9 and High Five™ cells was the limiting factor, and using Pluronic F-68 in the cell suspension could increase post-sorting viabilities in a dose dependent manner. The newly developed protocol was then used to sort stable populations of both cell lines tagged with a DsRed-expressing cassette. Before sorting, the average fluorescence intensity of the Sf9 cell population was 3-fold higher than that of the High Five™ cell population. By enriching with the 10% strongest DsRed-fluorescent cells, the productivity of both cell populations could be successfully improved. The established sorting protocol potentiates the use of RMCE technology for recombinant protein production in insect cells. 相似文献
46.
Ian L.D. Olmstead David R.A. Hill Daniel A. Dias Nirupama S. Jayasinghe Damien L. Callahan Sandra E. Kentish Peter J. Scales Gregory J.O. Martin 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》2013,110(8):2096-2104
The lipid characteristics of microalgae are known to differ between species and change with growth conditions. This work provides a methodology for lipid characterization that enables selection of the optimal strain, cultivation conditions, and processing pathway for commercial biodiesel production from microalgae. Two different microalgal species, Nannochloropsis sp. and Chlorella sp., were cultivated under both nitrogen replete and nitrogen depleted conditions. Lipids were extracted and fractionated into three major classes and quantified gravimetrically. The fatty acid profile of each fraction was analyzed using GC–MS. The resulting quantitative lipid data for each of the cultures is discussed in the context of biodiesel and omega‐3 production. This approach illustrates how the growth conditions greatly affect the distribution of fatty acid present in the major lipid classes and therefore the suitability of the lipid extracts for biodiesel and other secondary products. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 2096–2104. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
47.
Erich Y.T. Nakasu Simoni C. Dias Carmen S.S. Pires David A. Andow Debora Pires Paula Pedro Henrique B. Togni Tainã R. Macedo Edison R. Sujii Maria F.G. de Sá Eliana M.G. Fontes 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2013,148(2):105-115
Insect predators are exposed to the Cry1Ac toxin in Bt cotton fields through several pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of activated Cry1Ac added to a diet on Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), which is one of the main predators of non‐target pests in Brazilian cotton. Direct bitrophic exposure of C. sanguinea to Cry1Ac was done by feeding beetles with Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphidae) sprayed with 500 μg per ml Cry1Ac solution. Larval and pupal survival, development time, aphid consumption, and adult longevity were recorded daily. Couples within the same experimental treatment were paired and numbers of eggs laid and hatched per female were recorded daily. Net replacement rate was calculated for each female. During development, a C. sanguinea larva consumed on average 1.8 μg of activated Cry1Ac. No significant differences due to Cry1Ac were observed for any of the response variables, except aphid consumption. Larvae receiving Cry1Ac consumed more aphids than larvae receiving distilled water alone. Additional statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate independence of responses, and for the independent responses, a simple meta‐analysis was conducted to test the null hypothesis that all responses were zero. Nearly all of the response variables were statistically independent. Two pairs of responses were not independent, but the associated multivariate tests were not significant. The meta‐analysis suggested that all effects were not different from random variation around zero and no cumulative effects could be detected. Our results indicated that bitrophic exposure to activated Cry1Ac is likely to have little or no adverse ecological effect on C. sanguinea. 相似文献
48.
Lucas Cunha Dias de Rezende Fernando Fumagalli Marraiana Schiavon Bortolin Marianne Garcia de Oliveira Murilo Helder de Paula Valter Ferreira de Andrade-Neto Flavio da Silva Emery 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2013,23(16):4583-4586
1,4-Naphthoquinone derivatives are known to have relevant activities against several parasites. Among the treatment options for malaria, atovaquone, a 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative, is widely applied in the treatment and prophylaxis of such disease. Based on the structure simplification of atovaquone, we designed and synthesized four novel naphthoquinoidal derivatives. The compounds were obtained by the underexplored epoxide-opening reaction of 1,4-naphthoquinone using aniline derivatives as nucleophiles. The antiplasmodial activity of the synthesized compounds was performed in vivo using Peter’s 4 days suppression test. Significant parasitemia reduction and increased survival were observed for some of the compounds. 相似文献
49.
Claudia Mara Maciel-Rezende Letícia de Almeida Éderson D’Martin Costa Francieli Ribeiro Pires Karina Ferreira Alves Cláudio Viegas Junior Danielle Ferreira Dias Antônio Carlos Doriguetto Marcos José Marques Marcelo Henrique dos Santos 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2013,21(11):3114-3119
Nine O-alkyl and O-prenyl derivatives were synthesized from commercial 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 4,e4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone and were evaluated for their leishmanicidal activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, as well their toxicity in murine macrophages. All derivatives exhibited better biological activity than their hydroxylated benzophenones precursors, and new compound LFQM-123 (3c) was 250-fold more active than its precursor 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone (3). Moreover, some of the results were comparable to the standard drug Amphotericin B, suggesting that the increase in lipophilicity could facilitate protozoa membrane permeation. In this study we confirmed that benzophenone derivatives exhibit leishmanicidal properties, with relatively low toxicity, and thus could be exploited as promise prototypes for the design and development of new drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis. 相似文献
50.
Emilay B.T. Diogo Gleiston G. Dias Bernardo L. Rodrigues Tiago T. Guimarães Wagner O. Valença Celso A. Camara Ronaldo N. de Oliveira Mauro G. da Silva Vitor F. Ferreira Yen Galdino de Paiva Marilia O.F. Goulart Rubem F.S. Menna-Barreto Solange L. de Castro Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2013,21(21):6337-6348
In our continued search for novel trypanocidal compounds, twenty-six derivatives of para- and ortho-naphthoquinones coupled to 1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized. These compounds were evaluated against the infective bloodstream form of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Compounds 17–24, 28–30 and 36–38 are described herein for the first time. Three of these novel compounds (28–30) were found to be more potent than the standard drug benznidazole, with IC50/24 h values between 6.8 and 80.8 μM. Analysis of the toxicity to heart muscle cells led to LC50/24 h of <125, 63.1 and 281.6 μM for 28, 29 and 30, respectively. Displaying a selectivity index of 34.3, compound 30 will be further evaluated in vivo. The electrochemical properties of selected compounds were evaluated in an attempt to find correlations with trypanocidal activity, and it was observed that more electrophilic quinones were generally more potent. 相似文献