Dissociation of inductive from differentiative signals transmitted by C8-substituted guanine ribonucleosides to B cells from SJL mice

A hitherto unknown defect in the immune responsiveness of B lymphocytes from SJL mice has enabled us to distinguish two qualitatively distinct classes of signal delivered to B cells by C8-substituted guanine ribonucleosides. This defect renders B cells from SJL mice unresponsive to the inductive (early acting) signal of 8-mercaptoguanosine (8MGuo) that culminates in mitogenesis and nonspecific secretion of immunoglobulin. Unresponsiveness is not attributable to a shift in either the dose-response or kinetic profiles, nor can the presence of suppressor cells be demonstrated. In striking contrast, however, SJL B cells exhibit normal responsiveness to the differentiative (T cell-like, or late acting) signal provided by the substituted nucleoside. This signal enables SJL B cells, depleted of T cells, to respond to T cell-dependent antigens, and synergizes with T cell-derived lymphokines. These data suggest 1) that nonspecific secretion of immunoglobulin is dependent on both inductive and differentiative signals, 2) that antigen alone can supply an effective inductive signal for antigen-specific responses, and 3) that the SJL mouse will provide a useful model for selective study of inductive vs differentiative events.     

Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of Q fever in the Carpathian region

The study of the specific epidemiological and clinical features of Q fever revealed the existence of an active focus of infection among humans due to their contacts with agricultural animals in one of the districts of the region. The focus was manifested by group morbidity among the cattle-tending personnel of a dairy farm. The source of this infection was cattle. The infection was transferred mainly through the air. The disease took a moderately severe course. The study of the rickettsial contamination of humans, animals and ticks suggested the presence of the active epidemic process and made it possible to work out concrete antiepidemic measures.     

Eine aeaulis-Variet?t von Primula officinalis und ihre Erbliehkeitsverh?ltnisse

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Physiological responses of exercised-fatigued individuals exposed to wet-cold conditions.

Thirteen healthy and fit men [age = 27 +/- 8 (SD) yr, height = 177 +/- 5 cm, mass = 75 +/- 7 kg, body fat = 14 +/- 5%, maximal O2 consumption = 51 +/- 4 ml. kg-1. min-1] participated in an experiment designed to test their thermoregulatory response to a challenging cold exposure after 5 h of demanding mixed exercise during which only water was consumed. Subjects expended 7,314 +/- 741 kJ on cycling, rowing, and treadmill-walking machines, performed 8,403 +/- 1,401 kg. m of mechanical work during resistance exercises, and completed 120 inclined sit-ups. Subjects then assumed a seated position in a 10 degrees C air environment while wearing shorts, T-shirt, rain hat, and neoprene gloves and boots. After 30 min the subjects were showered continuously with cold water ( approximately 920 ml/min at 10 degrees C) on their backs accompanied by a 6 km/h wind for up to 4 h. Blood samples were taken from the nondominant arm every 30 min during the exposure and assayed for energy metabolites, hormones, indexes of hydration, and neurotransmitters. Counterbalanced control trials without prior exercise were also conducted. Blood insulin was higher during the control trial, whereas values of glycerol, nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, cortisol, free triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were lower. Three subjects lasted the maximum duration of 4.5 h for control and fatigue trials, with final rectal temperatures of 36.43 +/- 0.21 and 36.08 +/- 0.49 degrees C, respectively. Overall, the duration of 172 +/- 68 (SD) min for the fatigue trial was not significantly different from that of the control trial (197 +/- 72 min) and, therefore, was not affected by the preexposure exercise. Although duration was positively correlated to body fatness and shivering intensity, the latter was not correlated to any physical characteristic or the fitness level of the individual.     

Steady-state axisymmetric configurations of a weakly ionized plasma in the field of a rotating magnetized spherical body

Self-consistent steady-state axisymmetric configurations of a plasma envelope with a uniform anisotropic conductivity around a rotating magnetized spherical body are considered. A set of electrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic equations is analyzed under the assumption that the mass velocity of a moving weakly ionized plasma has only the azimuthal component. The equations describing the profile of the angular frequency of the rotating plasma envelope, the magnetic field, the conduction currents, and the plasma density distribution are solved in the limit of a strong anisotropy of the conductivity of a weakly ionized gas. The applicability of the results obtained to a qualitative interpretation of the phenomena occurring in the plasmaspheres of magnetized planets is discussed.     

Maleylated-BSA suppresses IFN-gamma-mediated Ia expression in murine peritoneal macrophages

Maleylated bovine serum albumin (maleyl-BSA) and other polyanionic polymers that are recognized by cell surface receptors on macrophages have been shown to induce chemotaxis, protease secretion, and tumoricidal function in this cell type. In this paper the effect of maleyl-BSA on Ia antigen expression has been evaluated. In a fashion similar to LPS, maleyl-BSA suppressed IFN-gamma-induced expression of Ia in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Also like LPS, maleyl-BSA stimulated the production and secretion of substantial amounts of PGE2 over a 24-hr period. This did not, however, appear to be the primary mechanism by which expression of Ia was suppressed, because co-treatment of the cells with indomethacin, which totally inhibited the production of PGE2, only minimally affected the suppressive activity. Surprisingly, the suppressive activity of both maleyl-BSA and LPS could be largely abrogated by co-treatment of the cells with cyclohexamide during the time period when Ia expression was sensitive to suppression. This effect was selective in that PGE2- or dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced suppression of Ia expression was not affected by cyclohexamide treatment. The data support the concept that there are multiple molecular mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of IFN-gamma-induced Ia expression in macrophages. Such mechanisms may include, in addition to the synthesis of PGE2 and consequent elevation in intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, one or more proteins made early after treatment with either maleyl-BSA or LPS. Thus the function of some of these early gene products may be to regulate expression of functional genes such as that encoding Ia antigen.     

Conus-like structure in the eye of the deep-sea teleost Radiicephalus elongatus (Pisces,Teleostei)

Summary A conus-like structure, the hyaloid conus, located on the optic nerve head of the mesopelagic deep-sea teleost Radiicephalus elongatus is described. The hyaloid conus consists of a tapering sheath of unpigmented, vascularized connective tissue enveloping the proximal part of the hyaloid artery which proceeds from the optic nerve head through the vitreous body to the ventrally located falciform process and lens muscles. The hyaloid artery passes through the hyaloid conus without giving off any branches. The conus vessels encircling the hyaloid artery receive arterial blood from the choroid via small arteries and are drained to the choroid by a single vein. The hyaloid conus is compared with the lacertilian conus papillaris. The function of the hyaloid conus is unknown. Because of its small dimensions relative to those of the eyeball and its few capillaries, it is unlikely that the hyaloid conus is a supplemental nutritive device for the retina.     

Hepatic reactions in erythropoietic protoporphyria (author's transl)

The main hepatic change in erythropoietic protoporphyria is the deposition of protoporphyrin. Brown deposits of this pigment occur in bile canaliculi and ductules, discretely in hepatocytes, and secondarily in macrophages and Kupffer cells. The pigment is deposited in a crystalline form. Under the fluorescence microscope with a mercury maximum pressure burner (HO 50) at a wave length of 380--500 nm, it shows a typical red fluorescence even after paraffin embedding. Its crystalline structure results in a characteristic double refraction under the polarising microscope. Light-microscopically, hepatocellular reactions are characterised mainly by discrete alterations in the ergastoplasm. However, cell damage is indicated by diffusely distributed, hyaline single cell necrosis and by cytolytic piecemeal necrosis at the peripheries of hepatic lobules. Numerous, often disturbed mitoses produce binuclear and multinuclear hepatocytes. The obligatory secretion of protoporphyrin into the bile ducts leads to an alteration in the canalicular and ductular excretion apparatus which involves distinct ductular proliferation and accompanying fibrosis. Piecemeal necrosis is a further consequence of this process. The resulting histological picture is similar to sclerosing cholangitis with which it also has in common the slowly progressive development of hepatic cirrhosis.