Respiratory-related cortical potentials evoked by inspiratory occlusion in humans

It has long been recognized that humans can perceive respiratory loads. There have been several studies on the detection and psychophysical quantification of mechanical load perception. This investigation was designed to record cortical sensory neurogenic activity related to inspiratory mechanical loading in humans. Inspiration was periodically occluded in human subjects while the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex was recorded. The onset of inspiratory mouth pressure (Pm) was used to initiate signal averaging of the EEG signals. Cortical evoked potentials elicited by inspiratory occlusions were observed when C3 and C alpha were referenced to CZ. This evoked potential was not observed with the control (unoccluded) breaths. There was considerable subject variability in the peak latencies that was related to the differences in the inspiratory drive, as measured by occlusion pressure (P0.1). The results of this study demonstrate that neurogenic activity can be recorded in the somatosensory region of the cortex that is related to inspiratory occlusions. The peak latencies are longer than analogous somatosensory evoked potentials elicited by stimulation of the hand and foot. It is hypothesized that a portion of this latency difference is related to the time required for the subject to generate sufficient inspiratory force to activate the afferents mediating the cortical response.     

Solid-state conformation of some basic sequential polypeptides

We have studied the structure of solid films obtained by x-ray diffraction, from several basic polypeptides with a defined sequence. The alterating polypeptides poly(Ala-Lys), poly(Leu-Lys), poly(Val-Lys), and poly(Arg-Leu) all show a cross-β-structure in which layers of hydrophilic side chains alternate with layers containing hydrophobic side chains. The other polypeptides studied are not in the β-conformation and appear to be in the α-helical conformation. The helices obtained from poly(Lys-Ala-Ala) and poly(Lys-Ala-Ala-Lys) appear to be packed in an unusual fashion, which favors interaction between alanine side chains. Such behavior is not found in poly(Lys-Leu-Ala).     

Interrelationships between the phase diagrams of the two-component phospholipid bilayers

Basic relationships between the phase diagrams, previously considered independent of each other, are described. Phase diagrams of two-component phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylcholine (PC/PC), phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE/PE), and PC/PE lipid membranes are systematically investigated by means of the Landau theory. While gradually changing the chain length of one of the components, a characteristic peritectic-miscible-azeotropic-semiazeotropic-eutectic (P-M-A-S-E) series of the phase diagram was found in the PC/PE system and a peritectic-miscible-one-component-miscible-peritectic (P-M-O-M-P) series was found in the PC/PC and PE/PE systems. These serial catastrophic changes in the phase diagrams could be explained by the fusion and birth of the mixed phase regions in the phase diagram. Finally when we constructed the superdiagrams, we obtained all of the possible series of the phase diagrams in a wide class of the two-component mixtures. Moreover, one can predict the type of the phase diagram when the components r and p contain equal-length saturated hydrocarbon chains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Reorganization of intermediate filament cytoskeleton in induced metanephric mesenchyme cells is independent of tubule morphogenesis

The metanephric mesenchyme becomes converted into epithelial tubules if cultured in transfilter contact with an inductor tissue. The expression of intermediate filaments (IFs), used as cell-type-specific markers has been studied in this model system for differentiation and organogenesis. In immunofluorescence microscopy of frozen sections, the undifferentiated cells of isolated metanephric mesenchymes uniformly showed IFs of vimentin type only. Also, when cultured as a monolayer, cells from the uninduced mesenchymes showed only vimentin filaments. In frozen sections of transfilter explants, epithelial tubules apparently negative for vimentin could be seen after 3 days in culture, but expression of cytokeratin could not be demonstrated in the developing tubules until the fourth day of culture. Sections of explants cultured further showed tubule cells with distinct fibrillar cytokeratin positivity. The appearance of cytokeratin in the explants was also demonstrated with immunoblotting experiments, using two different cytokeratin antibodies. Expression of IFs was further examined in monolayer cultures of metanephric mesenchymes which had been initially exposed to a short transfilter induction pulse. In these experiments, cytokeratin-positive cells could be demonstrated after a total of 4 days in culture. Double immunofluorescence experiments showed varying amounts of vimentin in the cytokeratin-positive cells: after 4 days in culture, most cytokeratin-positive cells still showed vimentin-positivity although often in a nonfibrillar form. During further culture, gradual disappearance of vimentin-specific fluorescence was observed in cytokeratin-positive cells. The results suggest that the vimentin-positive metanephric mesenchyme cells lose their fibrillar vimentin organization upon induction that leads to kidney tubule formation. This change may be essential for the transformation from an undifferentiated mesenchymal cell into a specialized epithelial cell. Cytokeratin filaments, regarded as a marker for epithelial cells, seem to appear simultaneously with or soon after the change in vimentin organization. These changes in IF expression also occur in monolayer cultures of mesenchyme cells initially exposed to a short transfilter induction pulse. This suggests that epithelial differentiation, as revealed by the emergence of cytokeratin positivity, may occur even in the absence of a clear morphological differentiation and three-dimensional organization of the cells.     

Hydrolysis of phospholipid monolayers by human spermatozoa. Inhibition by male contraceptive gossypol

Monomolecular films of phospholipid were used to study the interaction of intact human spermatozoa with model membranes. Exclusively with negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol monolayers rapid penetration of spermatozoa into the monolayer with subsequent hydrolysis of the lipid was triggered by the addition of 5 mM calcium into the medium. The results suggest the localization of a calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 at the outer acrosomal or plasma membrane of human spermatozoa with its active site exposed to the external environment. Preincubation of the cells with 100 microM gossypol completely abolished the ability of human spermatozoa to hydrolyze or penetrate monolayers of phosphatidylglycerol. The inhibition of the phospholipase activity by gossypol may contribute to the unknown contraceptive mechanisms of this non-steroidal male antifertility agent.     

Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic response ofMercurialis perennis plants from different light regime conditions

Curves relating net photosynthetic rate to irradiance [P(I) curve relation] were estimated and analysed inMercurialis perennis L. plants stemming from three forest (spruce, beech and ash) stands with different tree leaf canopy development and different light regime. The saturating irradiance (I_s) reached the highest values in plants of all three stands in spring (spruce forest: 438 W m⁻², beech forest: 440 W m⁻² and ash forest: 367 W m⁻²), it declined sharply in the middle of the growing season (283, 285 and 297 W m^-2, respectively) and this I_s level persisted until autumn. A pronounced dynamics in plants from spruce and beech forests made itself manifest also in the adaptation (I_a) and compensating (I_c) irradiances, respectively. After a sudden decline in summer, values in autumn were close to those of the vernal season. The most pronounced parameter, which optimally expressed the adaptation ofMercurialis perennis to various light conditions, was the photosynthetic efficiency (α) calculated as the slope of the linear part of the curve relating net photosynthetic rate to irradiance. At the time of the highest P_{N sat.} value in course of the growing season (August) (spruce forest: 100, beech forest: 98.7 and ash forest: 85.8 μg CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹), R_D was in its minimum; in autumn P_{N sat.} reached the lowest values which corresponded to the most intensive R_D. It was found thatMercurialis perennis plants stemming from forest stands with different light conditions did not make use equally of the altering light conditions in the course of the growing season. By the underlying analysis of P(I) curves this rhizomatous perennial herb (geophyte) may be characterized as a shade tolerant species.     

Possible explanation of IAA-stimulated transport of14C-ABA in long pea (Pisum sativum L.) epicotyl segments

Effects of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and age of etiolated pea epicotyl segments on the indol-3-ylacetic acid (IAA) stimulated transport of¹⁴C-abscisic acid (ABA) was studied. In spite of a slight decrease of IAA transport after the application of TIBA, the IAA stimulation of¹⁴C-ABA transport did not change. In segments excised from epicotyls of different age,³H-IAA transport was identical and the induction of prolongation growth by IAA in segments from the upper part of the epicotyl was observed. The IAA ap{ie226-01}ation to the growing segments was connected with intensive attraction of¹⁴C-ABA to the site {ie226-02}AA application, while the application of IAA to the older segments was growth ineffective ana no stimulation of¹⁴C-ABA transport by IAA was observed.