全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9940篇 |
免费 | 937篇 |
国内免费 | 629篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 84篇 |
2022年 | 113篇 |
2021年 | 385篇 |
2020年 | 319篇 |
2019年 | 387篇 |
2018年 | 375篇 |
2017年 | 325篇 |
2016年 | 463篇 |
2015年 | 591篇 |
2014年 | 647篇 |
2013年 | 721篇 |
2012年 | 911篇 |
2011年 | 816篇 |
2010年 | 520篇 |
2009年 | 453篇 |
2008年 | 584篇 |
2007年 | 479篇 |
2006年 | 415篇 |
2005年 | 410篇 |
2004年 | 419篇 |
2003年 | 369篇 |
2002年 | 361篇 |
2001年 | 254篇 |
2000年 | 163篇 |
1999年 | 178篇 |
1998年 | 98篇 |
1997年 | 95篇 |
1996年 | 66篇 |
1995年 | 47篇 |
1994年 | 59篇 |
1993年 | 29篇 |
1992年 | 54篇 |
1991年 | 27篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 22篇 |
1988年 | 28篇 |
1987年 | 18篇 |
1986年 | 15篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 24篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1975年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 9篇 |
1973年 | 12篇 |
1970年 | 7篇 |
1969年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Young Moon Choi Byoung Wan Lee Myung Sun Jung Hyun Soo Han Suk Hyun Kim Kaifeng Chen Dong Ha Kim Tony F. Heinz Shanhui Fan Jihye Lee Gi‐Ra Yi Jung Kyu Kim Jong Hyeok Park 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(22)
N‐type metal oxides such as hematite (α‐Fe2O3) and bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) are promising candidate materials for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting; however, their short minority carrier diffusion length and restricted carrier lifetime result in undesired rapid charge recombination. Herein, a 2D arranged globular Au nanosphere (NS) monolayer array with a highly ordered hexagonal hole pattern (hereafter, Au array) is introduced onto the surface of photoanodes comprised of metal oxide films via a facile drying and transfer‐printing process. Through plasmon‐induced resonance energy transfer, the Au array provides a strong electromagnetic field in the near‐surface area of the metal oxide film. The near‐field coupling interaction and amplification of the electromagnetic field suppress the charge recombination with long‐lived photogenerated holes and simultaneously enhance the light harvesting and charge transfer efficiencies. Consequently, an over 3.3‐fold higher photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) is achieved for the Au array/α‐Fe2O3. Furthermore, the high versatility of this transfer printing of Au arrays is demonstrated by introducing it on the molybdenum‐doped BiVO4 film, resulting in 1.5‐fold higher photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus RHE. The tailored metal film design can provide a potential strategy for the versatile application in various light‐mediated energy conversion and optoelectronic devices. 相似文献
102.
103.
104.
Xiaofang Lu Qihao Zhang Jincheng Liao Hongyi Chen Yuchi Fan Juanjuan Xing Shijia Gu Jilong Huang Jiaxin Ma Jiancheng Wang Lianjun Wang Wan Jiang 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(2)
The (Bi,Sb)2Te3 (BST) compounds have long been considered as the benchmark of thermoelectric (TE) materials near room temperature especially for refrigeration. However, their unsatisfactory TE performances in wide‐temperature range severely restrict the large‐scale applications for power generation. Here, using a self‐assembly protocol to deliver a homogeneous dispersion of 2D inclusion in matrix, the first evidence is shown that incorporation of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) into BST can simultaneously achieve the improved power factor and greatly reduced thermal conductivity. The oxygen‐terminated Ti3C2Tx with proper work function leads to highly increased electrical conductivity via hole injection and retained Seebeck coefficient due to the energy barrier scattering. Meanwhile, the alignment of Ti3C2Tx with the layered structure significantly suppresses the phonon transport, resulting in higher interfacial thermal resistance. Accordingly, a peak ZT of up to 1.3 and an average ZT value of 1.23 from 300 to 475 K are realized for the 1 vol% Ti3C2Tx/BST composite. Combined with the high‐performance composite and rational device design, a record‐high thermoelectric conversion efficiency of up to 7.8% is obtained under a temperature gradient of 237 K. These findings provide a robust and scalable protocol to incorporate MXene as a versatile 2D inclusion for improving the overall performance of TE materials toward high energy‐conversion efficiency. 相似文献
105.
Lu Wan Cuili Zhang Kunpeng Ge Xueliang Yang Feng Li Wensheng Yan Zhuo Xu Lin Yang Ying Xu Dengyuan Song Jianhui Chen 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(16)
Defect state passivation and conductivity of materials are always in opposition; thus, it is unlikely for one material to possess both excellent carrier transport and defect state passivation simultaneously. As a result, the use of partial passivation and local contact strategies are required for silicon solar cells, which leads to fabrication processes with technical complexities. Thus, one material that possesses both a good passivation and conductivity is highly desirable in silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells. In this work, a passivation‐conductivity phase‐like diagram is presented and a conductive‐passivating‐carrier‐selective contact is achieved using PEDOT:Nafion composite thin films. A power conversion efficiency of 18.8% is reported for an industrial multicrystalline silicon solar cell with a back PEDOT:Nafion contact, demonstrating a solution‐processed organic passivating contact concept. This concept has the potential advantages of omitting the use of conventional dielectric passivation materials deposited by costly high‐vacuum equipment, energy‐intensive high‐temperature processes, and complex laser opening steps. This work also contributes an effective back‐surface field scheme and a new hole‐selective contact for p‐type and n‐type silicon solar cells, respectively, both for research purposes and as a low‐cost surface engineering strategy for future Si‐based PV technologies. 相似文献
106.
Bing‐Qing Xiong Xinwei Zhou Gui‐Liang Xu Yuzi Liu Likun Zhu Youcheng Hu Shou‐Yu Shen Yu‐Hao Hong Si‐Cheng Wan Xiao‐Chen Liu Xiang Liu Shengli Chen Ling Huang Shi‐Gang Sun Khalil Amine Fu‐Sheng Ke 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(4)
Alloy materials such as Si and Ge are attractive as high‐capacity anodes for rechargeable batteries, but such anodes undergo severe capacity degradation during discharge–charge processes. Compared to the over‐emphasized efforts on the electrode structure design to mitigate the volume changes, understanding and engineering of the solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) are significantly lacking. This work demonstrates that modifying the surface of alloy‐based anode materials by building an ultraconformal layer of Sb can significantly enhance their structural and interfacial stability during cycling. Combined experimental and theoretical studies consistently reveal that the ultraconformal Sb layer is dynamically converted to Li3Sb during cycling, which can selectively adsorb and catalytically decompose electrolyte additives to form a robust, thin, and dense LiF‐dominated SEI, and simultaneously restrain the decomposition of electrolyte solvents. Hence, the Sb‐coated porous Ge electrode delivers much higher initial Coulombic efficiency of 85% and higher reversible capacity of 1046 mAh g?1 after 200 cycles at 500 mA g?1, compared to only 72% and 170 mAh g?1 for bare porous Ge. The present finding has indicated that tailoring surface structures of electrode materials is an appealing approach to construct a robust SEI and achieve long‐term cycling stability for alloy‐based anode materials. 相似文献
107.
Bin Zhang Chong Luo Yaqian Deng Zhijia Huang Guangmin Zhou Wei Lv Yan‐Bing He Ying Wan Feiyu Kang Quan‐Hong Yang 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(15)
The lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is a next generation high energy density battery, but its practical application is hindered by the poor cycling stability derived from the severe shuttling of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Catalysis is a promising way to solve this problem, but the rational design of relevant catalysts is still hard to achieve. This paper reports the WS2–WO3 heterostructures prepared by in situ sulfurization of WO3, and by controlling the sulfurization degree, the structure is controlled, which balances the trapping ability (by WO3) and catalytic activity (by WS2) toward LiPSs. As a result, the WS2–WO3 heterostructures effectively accelerate LiPS conversion and improve sulfur utilization. The Li–S battery with 5 wt% WS2–WO3 heterostructures as additives in the cathode shows an excellent rate performance and good cycling stability, revealing a 0.06% capacity decay each cycle over 500 cycles at 0.5 C. By building an interlayer with such heterostructure‐added graphenes, the battery with a high sulfur loading of 5 mg cm?2 still shows a high capacity retention of 86.1% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C. This work provides a rational way to prepare the metal oxide–sulfide heterostructures with an optimized structure to enhance the performance of Li–S batteries. 相似文献
108.
Mingzi Sun Alan William Dougherty Bolong Huang Yuliang Li Chun‐Hua Yan 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(12)
Atomic catalysts (AC) are emerging as a highly attractive research topic, especially in sustainable energy fields. Lack of a full picture of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) impedes the future development of potential electrocatalysts. In this work, the systematic investigation of the HER process in graphdyine (GDY) based AC is presented in terms of the adsorption energies, adsorption trend, electronic structures, reaction pathway, and active sites. This comprehensive work innovatively reveals GDY based AC for HER covering all the transition metals (TM) and lanthanide (Ln) metals, enabling the screening of potential catalysts. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations carefully explore the HER performance beyond the comparison of sole H adsorption. Therefore, the screened catalysts candidates not only match with experimental results but also provide significant references for novel catalysts. Moreover, the machine learning (ML) technique bag‐tree approach is innovatively utilized based on the fuzzy model for data separation and converse prediction of the HER performance, which indicates a similar result to the theoretical calculations. From two independent theoretical perspectives (DFT and ML), this work proposes pivotal guidelines for experimental catalyst design and synthesis. The proposed advanced research strategy shows great potential as a general approach in other energy‐related areas. 相似文献
109.
Zhen Li Shengfan Wu Jie Zhang Ka Chun Lee Hang Lei Francis Lin Zilong Wang Zonglong Zhu Alex K. Y. Jen 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(18)
Perovskite‐organic tandem solar cells are attracting more attention due to their potential for highly efficient and flexible photovoltaic device. In this work, efficient perovskite‐organic monolithic tandem solar cells integrating the wide bandgap perovskite (1.74 eV) and low bandgap organic active PBDB‐T:SN6IC‐4F (1.30 eV) layer, which serve as the top and bottom subcell, respectively, are developed. The resulting perovskite‐organic tandem solar cells with passivated wide‐bandgap perovskite show a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.13%, with an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.85 V, a short‐circuit photocurrent (Jsc) of 11.52 mA cm?2, and a fill factor (FF) of 70.98%. Thanks to the advantages of low temperature fabrication processes and the flexibility properties of the device, a flexible tandem solar cell which obtain a PCE of 13.61%, with Voc of 1.80 V, Jsc of 11.07 mA cm?2, and FF of 68.31% is fabricated. Moreover, to demonstrate the achieved high Voc in the tandem solar cells for potential applications, a photovoltaic (PV)‐driven electrolysis system combing the tandem solar cell and water splitting electrocatalysis is assembled. The integrated device demonstrates a solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency of 12.30% and 11.21% for rigid, and flexible perovskite‐organic tandem solar cell based PV‐driven electrolysis systems, respectively. 相似文献