Effects of Allelochemicals on Root Growth and Pod Yield in Response to Continuous Cropping Obstacle of Peanut

Continuous cropping (CC) obstacle is a major threat in legume crops production; however, the underlying mechanisms concerning the roles allelochemicals play in CC obstacle are poorly understood. The current 2-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of different kinds and concentrations of allelochemicals, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (H), cinnamic acid (C), phthalic acid (P), and their mixtures (M) on peanut root growth and productivity in response to CC obstacle. Treatment with H, C, P, and M significantly decreased the plant height, dry weight of the leaves and stems, number of branches, and length of the lateral stem compared with control. Exogenous application of H, C, P, and M inhibited the peanut root growth as indicated by the decreased root morphological characters. The allelochemicals also induced the cell membrane oxidation even though the antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly increased in peanut roots. Meanwhile, treatment with H, C, P, and M reduced the contents of total soluble sugar and total soluble protein. Analysis of ATPase activity, nitrate reductase activity, and root system activity revealed that the inhibition effects of allelochemicals on peanut roots might be due to the decrease in activities of ATPase and NR, and the inhibition of root system. Consequently, allelochemicals significantly decreased the pod yield of peanut compared with control. Our results demonstrate that allelochemicals play a dominant role in CC obstacle-induced peanut growth inhibition and yield reduction through damaging the root antioxidant system, unbalancing the osmolytes accumulation, and decreasing the activities of root-related enzymes.

     

信号分子在生物脱氮中的作用及检测方法

生物脱氮是由微生物主导的地球氮循环中的重要环节之一,主要包括硝化、反硝化和厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox)等过程。在微生物联合作用下,污水中的有机氮及氨氮经一系列作用转化为氮气,这种经济高效、环境友好的处理工艺在世界范围内得到广泛应用。群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)以信号分子为媒介通过改变菌群密度和周围环境变化来调节微生物的各种行为。大量的研究已证实调控QS信号分子在生物脱氮中具有应用潜力。本文介绍了各种信号分子类型,从基因组学、实际应用等方面综述了各类信号分子以及检测方法,同时针对酰基高丝氨酸内酯(acyl homoserine lactones,AHLs)类信号分子在生物脱氮中的作用进行详细介绍。然而不足之处在于信号分子研究只是停留在实验室阶段,仅仅研究了单一信号分子对生物脱氮的影响。未来可将信号分子应用于实际污水,研究多种信号分子共同作用以及多种微生物之间的QS现象。     

基于叶绿体基因组数据的芸香科属间系统发育初步分析（专题约稿）

该研究在人工控制水分条件下,设置3个干旱胁迫处理,选用3个主栽油菜品种‘陇油10号’、‘陇油2号’、‘青杂5号’幼苗进行盆栽试验,测定干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标,考察各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和隶属函数法评价品种的抗旱性及其主要响应因子,以揭示西北地区油菜幼苗响应干旱胁迫的光合调控机制。结果表明：(1)各品种油菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫程度的递增而逐渐降低,最大水分亏缺(WSD)却逐渐上升。(2)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总含量随着干旱胁迫程度的递增而先增加后递减,且同一种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(3)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株生物量、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著,而其叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)在干旱胁迫下无显著变化。(4)各品种油菜幼苗叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随着干旱胁迫程度的递增先增加后递减,最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(5)主成分分析结果表明,在油菜幼苗受到干旱胁迫时RWC、C_i、G_s、P_n、WUE、叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a含量和NPQ起主要调控作用;隶属函数法综合评价表明,3个品种油菜幼苗耐旱能力由高到低依次为‘陇油10号’＞‘陇油2号’＞‘青杂5号’。     

正常胎盘的超声图像定量分析研究

我们用ＤＦＹ－Ｉ型超声图像定量分析诊断仪,测定组织结构超声图像的分贝,灰阶值,本文检测分析了３９例正常台盘测值。     

Description of two-metal biosorption equilibria by Langmuir-type models

A biosorbent prepared from Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed biomass, FCAN2, was examined for its sorption capacity. Equilibrium batch sorption studies were performed using two-matal systems containing either (Cu + Zn), (Cu + Cd), or (Zn + Cd). In the evaluation of the two-metal sorption system performance, simple isotherm curves had to be replaced by three-dimensional sorption isotherm surfaces. In order to describe the isotherm surfaces mathematically, three Langmuir-type models were evaluated. The apparent one-parameter Langmuir constant (b) was used to quantify FCAN2 "affinity" for one metal in the presence of another one. The uptake of Zn decreased drastically when Cu or Cd were present. The uptake of Cd wasmuch more sensitive to the presence of Cu than to that of Zn. The presence of Cd and Zn alter the "affinity" of FCAN2 for Cu the least at high Cu equilibrium concentrations. The mathematical model of the two-metal sorption system enabled quantitative estimation of one-metal (bio)sorption inhibition due to the influence of a second metal. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons Inc.     

Analysis of the loop-helix interaction in bundle motif protein structures

Molecular dynamics simulations and energy analysis have been carried out to study the structural mobility and stability of the four -helix bundle motifs. The simulation results as well as the X-ray data show that the atomic RMS fluctuation is larger at the loop region for four representative proteins investigated: methemerythrin, cytochrome b-562, cytochrome c, and bovine somatotropin. The loop-loop, helix-helix, and loop-helix interactions are computed for the unfolded and folded proteins. In the folded and solvated protein structures the loop-helix interaction is stronger than the helix-helix interaction, especially in the electrostatic component. But the stabilization energies of both the loop-helix and the helix-helix interactions relative to the those of an unfolded structure are of the same order of magnitude. The stabilization due to protein-solvent interaction is greater in the helix region than in the loop region. The percentage of hydrophilic solvent accessible area for the four proteins studied was calculated with the method of Eisenberg and McLachlan. The percentage of the hydrophilic area is greater in the loops than in the helices. A Poisson-Boltzmann calculation shows that the potential from the loops acting on a helix is generally more negative than that from other helices.     

Expression of the human milk protein β-casein in transgenic potato plants

A 1177 bp cDNA fragment encoding the human milk protein -casein was introduced into Solanum tuberosum cells under control of the auxin-inducible, bidirectional mannopine synthase mas12) promoters using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated leaf disc transformation methods. Antibiotic-resistant plants were regenerated and transformants selected based on luciferase activity carried by the expression vector containing the human -casein cDNA. The presence of human -casein cDNA in the plant genome was detected by PCR and DNA hybridization experiments. Human -casein mRNA was identified in leaf tissues of transgenic plants by RT-PCR analysis. Human - casein was identified in auxin-induced leaf and tuber tissues of transformed potato plants by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis. Human -casein produced in transgenic plants migrated in polyacrylamide gels as a single band with an approximate molecular mass of 30 kDa. Immunoblot experiments identified approximately 0.01% of the total soluble protein of transgenic potato leaf tissue as -casein. The above experiments demonstrate the expression of human milk - casein as part of an edible food plant. These findings open the way for reconstitution of human milk inedible plants for replacement of bovine milk in baby foods for general improvement of infant nutrition, and for prevention of gastric and intestinal diseases in children     

Resistance of Spiroplasma citri Lines to the Virus SVTS2 Is Associated with Integration of Viral DNA Sequences into Host Chromosomal and Extrachromosomal DNA

Spiroplasmavirus SVTS2, isolated from Spiroplasma melliferum TS2, produces plaques when inoculated onto lawns of Spiroplasma citri M200H, a derivative of the type strain Maroc R8A2. S. citri strains MR2 and MR3, originally selected as colonies growing within plaques on a lawn of M200H inoculated with SVTS2, were resistant to SVTS2. Genomic DNA fingerprints and electrophoretic protein profiles of M200H, MR2, and MR3 were similar, but three proteins present in M200H were missing or significantly reduced in both resistant lines. None of these three polypeptides reacted with antiserum against S. citri membrane proteins, indicating that they probably are not surface-located virus receptors. Electroporation with SVTS2 DNA produced 1.5 x 10(sup5) transfectants per (mu)g of DNA in M200H but none in MR2 or MR3, suggesting that resistance may result from inhibition of viral replication. The digestion patterns of the extrachromosomal double-stranded (ds) DNA of these lines were similar. Three TaqI fragments of MR2 extrachromosomal DNA that were not present in M200H extrachromosomal DNA hybridized strongly to an SVTS2 probe, and two of these fragments plus an additional one hybridized with the MR3 extrachromosomal DNA, indicating that a fragment of SVTS2 DNA was present in the extrachromosomal ds DNA of MR2 and MR3 but not of M200H. When the restricted genomes of all three lines were probed with SVTS2 DNA, strong hybridization to two EcoRI fragments of chromosomal MR2 and MR3 DNA but not M200H DNA indicated that SVTS2 DNA had integrated into the genomes of MR2 and MR3 but not of M200H. When MR3 extrachromosomal ds DNA containing a 2.1-kb SVTS2 DNA fragment was transfected into M200H, the transformed spiroplasmas were resistant to SVTS2. These results suggest that SVTS2 DNA fragments, possibly integrated into the chromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA of a previously susceptible spiroplasma, may function as viral incompatibility elements, providing resistance to superinfection by SVTS2.     

Hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates by selected fungi

Summary Fungi which have been previously shown to hydrolyse glycocholic acid, with liberation of the free bile acid, have now been shown to be similarly capable of hydrolysing glycodeoxycholic acid. Sodium taurocholate, however, is much less susceptible and its hydrolysis has been demonstrated with only one of the selected fungi, Penicillium chrysogenum, growing in a medium containing the conjugate as the sole sulphur source. It is concluded that the nature of the amino acid moiety is important in determining the ease of hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates by whole cells of the fungi under test.