VdNop12, containing two tandem RNA recognition motif domains,is a crucial factor for pathogenicity and cold adaption in Verticillium dahliae

Previous studies have reported the ability of fungi to overwinter in soil or on crop debris under different environmental conditions, but how fungi adapt to chilling is still largely unknown. In this study, we have identified and characterized the RNA binding protein (RBP) (VdNop12) by screening an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation-mediated insertional mutational library of Verticillium dahliae. We determined that this protein was essential to the pathogen for virulence on cotton plants. VdNop12 contains two tandem RNA recognition motif domains, and its orthologs are widely distributed in filamentous fungi. Mutants produced by disruption of VdNop12 showed defects in vegetative growth, conidiation and cell wall integrity. The mutant also showed an increase in sensitivity to low temperature, as compared to the wildtype and complementation strains. Yeast complementation assay showed that VdNop12 could functionally restore the growth phenotype of ΔScNop12 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 15°C. We demonstrated that the VdNop12 is localized in the nucleus, and its loss resulted in the downregulated expression of several genes related to cAMP-PKA and MAPK pathways in V. dahliae. Our results demonstrated a crucial role of RBPs in the regulation of morphology, cold adaption, and pathogenic development in V. dahliae.     

Quorum sensing regulation confronts the development of a viable but non-culturable state in Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae can enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state when it encounters unfavourable environments; VBNC cells serve as important reservoirs and still pose threats to public health. The genetic regulation of V. cholerae entering its VBNC state is not well understood. Here, we show a confrontation strategy adapted by V. cholerae O1 in which it utilizes a quorum sensing (QS) system to prevent transition into a VBNC state under low nutrition and temperature conditions. The upregulation of hapR resulted in a prolonged culturable state of V. cholerae in artificial sea water at 4°C, whereas the mutation of hapR led to fast entry into the VBNC state. We also observed that different V. cholerae O1 natural isolates with distinct QS functions present a variety of abilities to maintain culturability during the transition to a VBNC state. The strain groups with higher or constitutive expression of QS genes exhibit a greater tendency to maintain the culturable state during VBNC induction than those lacking QS functional groups. In summary, HapR-mediated QS regulation is associated with the transition to the VBNC state in V. cholerae. HapR expression causes V. cholerae to resist VBNC induction and become dominant over competitors in changing environments.     

Rice stripe virus coat protein induces the accumulation of jasmonic acid,activating plant defence against the virus while also attracting its vector to feed

The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway plays crucial roles in plant defence against pathogens and herbivores. Rice stripe virus (RSV) is the type member of the genus Tenuivirus. It is transmitted by the small brown planthopper (SBPH) and causes damaging epidemics in East Asia. The role(s) that JA may play in the tripartite interaction against RSV, its host, and vector are poorly understood. Here, we found that the JA pathway was induced by RSV infection and played a defence role against RSV. The coat protein (CP) was the major viral component responsible for inducing the JA pathway. Methyl jasmonate treatment attracted SBPHs to feed on rice plants while a JA-deficient mutant was less attractive than wild-type rice. SBPHs showed an obvious preference for feeding on transgenic rice lines expressing RSV CP. Our results demonstrate that CP is an inducer of the JA pathway that activates plant defence against RSV while also attracting SBPHs to feed and benefitting viral transmission. This is the first report of the function of JA in the tripartite interaction between RSV, its host, and its vector.     

The essential effector SCRE1 in Ustilaginoidea virens suppresses rice immunity via a small peptide region

The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens causes rice false smut, a newly emerging plant disease that has become epidemic worldwide in recent years. The U. virens genome encodes many putative effector proteins that, based on the study of other pathosystems, could play an essential role in fungal virulence. However, few studies have been reported on virulence functions of individual U. virens effectors. Here, we report our identification and characterization of the secreted cysteine-rich protein SCRE1, which is an essential virulence effector in U. virens. When SCRE1 was heterologously expressed in Magnaporthe oryzae, the protein was secreted and translocated into plant cells during infection. SCRE1 suppresses the immunity-associated hypersensitive response in the nonhost plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Induced expression of SCRE1 in rice also inhibits pattern-triggered immunity and enhances disease susceptibility to rice bacterial and fungal pathogens. The immunosuppressive activity is localized to a small peptide region that contains an important ‘cysteine-proline-alanine-arginine-serine’ motif. Furthermore, the scre1 knockout mutant generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is attenuated in U. virens virulence to rice, which is greatly complemented by the full-length SCRE1 gene. Collectively, this study indicates that the effector SCRE1 is able to inhibit host immunity and is required for full virulence of U. virens.     

Cytoskeleton stiffness regulates cellular senescence and innate immune response in Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome

Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is caused by the accumulation of mutant prelamin A (progerin) in the nuclear lamina, resulting in increased nuclear stiffness and abnormal nuclear architecture. Nuclear mechanics are tightly coupled to cytoskeletal mechanics via lamin A/C. However, the role of cytoskeletal/nuclear mechanical properties in mediating cellular senescence and the relationship between cytoskeletal stiffness, nuclear abnormalities, and senescent phenotypes remain largely unknown. Here, using muscle‐derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) from the Zmpste24^?/? (Z24^?/?) mouse (a model for HGPS) and human HGPS fibroblasts, we investigated the mechanical mechanism of progerin‐induced cellular senescence, involving the role and interaction of mechanical sensors RhoA and Sun1/2 in regulating F‐actin cytoskeleton stiffness, nuclear blebbing, micronuclei formation, and the innate immune response. We observed that increased cytoskeletal stiffness and RhoA activation in progeria cells were directly coupled with increased nuclear blebbing, Sun2 expression, and micronuclei‐induced cGAS‐Sting activation, part of the innate immune response. Expression of constitutively active RhoA promoted, while the inhibition of RhoA/ROCK reduced cytoskeletal stiffness, Sun2 expression, the innate immune response, and cellular senescence. Silencing of Sun2 expression by siRNA also repressed RhoA activation, cytoskeletal stiffness and cellular senescence. Treatment of Zmpste24^?/? mice with a RhoA inhibitor repressed cellular senescence and improved muscle regeneration. These results reveal novel mechanical roles and correlation of cytoskeletal/nuclear stiffness, RhoA, Sun2, and the innate immune response in promoting aging and cellular senescence in HGPS progeria.     

Increased miR‐34c mediates synaptic deficits by targeting synaptotagmin 1 through ROS‐JNK‐p53 pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer have inverse relationship in many aspects. Some tumor suppressors, including miR‐34c, are decreased in cancer but increased in AD. The upstream regulatory pathways and the downstream mechanisms of miR‐34c in AD remain to be investigated. The expression of miR‐34c was detected by RT–qPCR in oxidative stressed neurons, hippocampus of SAMP8 mice, or serum of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Dual luciferase assay was performed to confirm the binding sites of miR‐34c in its target mRNA. The Morris water maze (MWM) was used to evaluate learning and memory in SAMP8 mice administrated with miR‐34c antagomir (AM34c). Golgi staining was used to evaluate the synaptic function and structure. The dramatically increased miR‐34c was mediated by ROS‐JNK‐p53 pathway and negatively regulated synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) expression by targeting the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of syt1 in AD. The expression of SYT1 protein was reduced by over expression of miR‐34c in the HT‐22 cells and vice versa. Administration of AM34c by the third ventricle injection or intranasal delivery markedly increased the brain levels of SYT1 and ameliorated the cognitive function in SAMP8 mice. The serum miR‐34c was significantly increased in patients with aMCI and might be a predictive biomarker for diagnosis of aMCI. These results indicated that increased miR‐34c mediated synaptic and memory deficits by targeting SYT1 through ROS‐JNK‐p53 pathway and the miR‐34c/SYT1 pathway could be considered as a promising novel therapeutic target for patients with AD.     

Age attenuates the T‐type CaV3.2‐RyR axis in vascular smooth muscle

Caveolae position Ca_V3.2 (T‐type Ca²⁺ channel encoded by the α‐3.2 subunit) sufficiently close to RyR (ryanodine receptors) for extracellular Ca²⁺ influx to trigger Ca²⁺ sparks and large‐conductance Ca²⁺‐activated K⁺ channel feedback in vascular smooth muscle. We hypothesize that this mechanism of Ca²⁺ spark generation is affected by age. Using smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from mouse mesenteric arteries, we found that both Ca_v3.2 channel inhibition by Ni²⁺ (50 µM) and caveolae disruption by methyl‐ß‐cyclodextrin or genetic abolition of Eps15 homology domain‐containing protein (EHD2) inhibited Ca²⁺ sparks in cells from young (4 months) but not old (12 months) mice. In accordance, expression of Ca_v3.2 channel was higher in mesenteric arteries from young than old mice. Similar effects were observed for caveolae density. Using SMAKO Ca_v1.2^?/? mice, caffeine (RyR activator) and thapsigargin (Ca²⁺ transport ATPase inhibitor), we found that sufficient SR Ca²⁺ load is a prerequisite for the Ca_V3.2‐RyR axis to generate Ca²⁺ sparks. We identified a fraction of Ca²⁺ sparks in aged VSMCs, which is sensitive to the TRP channel blocker Gd³⁺ (100 µM), but insensitive to Ca_V1.2 and Ca_V3.2 channel blockade. Our data demonstrate that the VSMC Ca_V3.2‐RyR axis is down‐regulated by aging. This defective Ca_V3.2‐RyR coupling is counterbalanced by a Gd³⁺ sensitive Ca²⁺ pathway providing compensatory Ca²⁺ influx for triggering Ca²⁺ sparks in aged VSMCs.     

Circular RNA ciRS‐7 promotes tube formation in microvascular endothelial cells through downregulation of miR‐26a‐5p

Atherosclerosis is one of the most common and crucial heart diseases involving the heart and brain. At present, atherosclerosis and its major complications comprise the leading causes of death worldwide. Our purpose was to identify the role of ciRS‐7 in atherosclerosis. Tubulogenesis of HMEC‐1 cell was evaluated utilizing tube formation assay. Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay and flow cytometry were utilized to test viability and apoptosis. Migration assay was utilized to determine the migration capacity of experimental cells. Western blot was applied to examine apoptosis and tube formation‐associated protein expression. In addition, the above experiments were repeated when silencing ciRS‐7, overexpressing ciRS‐7, and upregulating miR‐26a‐5p. HMEC‐1 cells formed tube‐like structures over time. Silencing ciRS‐7 suppressed viability, migration, and tube formation but promoted apoptosis. Oppositely, overexpressing ciRS‐7 reversed the effect in HMEC‐1 cells. miR‐26a‐5p expression was elevated by silencing ciRS‐7 and reduced by overexpressing ciRS‐7. Moreover, overexpressing ciRS‐7 facilitated viability, migration, and tube formation via upregulating miR‐26a‐5p. Conclusively, overexpressing ciRS‐7 mobilized phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway and suppressed c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 pathway. ciRS‐7 exerted influence on apoptosis, viability, migration, and tube formation through mediating PI3K/AKT and JNK/p38 pathways by miR‐26a‐5p downregulation in HMEC‐1 cells.     

Natronorubrum halophilum sp. nov. isolated from two inland salt lakes

Journal of Microbiology - Two halophilic archaeal strains, SHR37T and NEN6, were isolated from salt lakes located in the Tibet and Xinjiang regions of China. The two strains were found to form a...