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31.
Michael Kessler Dietrich Hertel Hermann F. Jungkunst Jürgen Kluge Stefan Abrahamczyk Merijn Bos Damayanti Buchori Gerhard Gerold S. Robbert Gradstein Stefan K?hler Christoph Leuschner Gerald Moser Ramadhanil Pitopang Shahabuddin Saleh Christian H. Schulze Simone G. Sporn Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter Sri S. Tjitrosoedirdjo Teja Tscharntke 《PloS one》2012,7(10)
Managing ecosystems for carbon storage may also benefit biodiversity conservation, but such a potential ‘win-win’ scenario has not yet been assessed for tropical agroforestry landscapes. We measured above- and below-ground carbon stocks as well as the species richness of four groups of plants and eight of animals on 14 representative plots in Sulawesi, Indonesia, ranging from natural rainforest to cacao agroforests that have replaced former natural forest. The conversion of natural forests with carbon stocks of 227–362 Mg C ha−1 to agroforests with 82–211 Mg C ha−1 showed no relationships to overall biodiversity but led to a significant loss of forest-related species richness. We conclude that the conservation of the forest-related biodiversity, and to a lesser degree of carbon stocks, mainly depends on the preservation of natural forest habitats. In the three most carbon-rich agroforestry systems, carbon stocks were about 60% of those of natural forest, suggesting that 1.6 ha of optimally managed agroforest can contribute to the conservation of carbon stocks as much as 1 ha of natural forest. However, agroforestry systems had comparatively low biodiversity, and we found no evidence for a tight link between carbon storage and biodiversity. Yet, potential win-win agroforestry management solutions include combining high shade-tree quality which favours biodiversity with cacao-yield adapted shade levels. 相似文献
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Ihsan Nurkomar Damayanti Buchori DeMar Taylor 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2017,27(12):1373-1382
The behavioural responses of Apanteles taragamae, a larval parasitoid of the cucumber moth Diaphania indica, to the volatiles of cucumber plants was investigated in a four-arm olfactometer. Females and males were given a choice between several odour sources that included (1) clean air, (2) uninfested, (3) host-infested, and (4) mechanically damaged cucumber plants. Females and males showed different preferences for volatiles emanating from these plants. Females responded significantly longer to the volatiles from uninfested plants than clean air, and to host-infested plants than uninfested plants. There were no significant differences in female responses to the volatiles from mechanically damaged and uninfested plants. Males responded significantly longer to clean air rather than uninfested plants. The volatiles from both uninfested and host-infested cucumber plants may play important roles in host habitat location of A. taragamae females. 相似文献
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Melanie M. Pollierer Jochen Drescher Anton Potapov Kasmiatun Amanda Mawan Mega Mutiari Rizky Nazarreta Purnama Hidayat Damayanti Buchori Stefan Scheu 《Ecology letters》2023,26(10):1663-1675
Tropical rainforests around the world are rapidly being converted into cash crop agricultural systems. The associated massive losses of plant and animal species lead to changes in arthropod food webs and the energy fluxes therein. These changes are poorly understood, in particular in the extremely biodiverse canopies of tropical ecosystems. Using canopy fogging followed by stable isotope and energy flux analyses, we show that land-use conversion from rainforest to rubber and oil palm plantations not only causes a drastic reduction in energy fluxes of up to 75%, but also shifts fluxes among trophic groups. While rainforest featured high levels of both herbivory and algae-microbivory, and a balanced ratio of herbivory to predation, relative fluxes were shifted towards predation in rubber and towards herbivory in oil palm plantations, indicating profound shifts in ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight that the ongoing loss of animal biodiversity and biomass in tropical canopies degrades animal-driven functions and restructures canopy food webs. 相似文献
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Boudewijn Catry Siska Croubels Stefan Schwarz Piet Deprez Bianca Cox Corinna Kehrenberg Geert Opsomer Annemie Decostere Freddy Haesebrouck 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2008,50(1):36
The influence of enrofloxacin administration (5 mg/kg) for five consecutive days on the occurrence of Pasteurella multocida in the upper respiratory tract of two healthy calves was monitored over a 10-day period. From nasal swabs of two additional
healthy control calves, which received a placebo saline administration, P. multocida was isolated throughout the study period. In the enrofloxacin treated calves, P. multocida was not demonstrated in the nasopharynx from 48 h after the first injection until two days after the last administration,
when P. multocida reappeared and proved to be clonal in nature to the original isolates. During the experiment, no change in minimal inhibitory
concentration for enrofloxacin of the P. multocida isolates was detected (MIC ≤ 0.015 μg/mL). Enrofloxacin concentrations were determined in the plasma by a high-performance
liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection. The PK/PD indices AUC/MIC and Cmax/MIC ratio were calculated and found to be 1157.7 and 129.8, respectively. Remarkably, the respiratory pathogen Arcanobacterium pyogenes became the predominant recovered organism in the nasopharynx of one animal following enrofloxacin therapy throughout the
remaining of the experiment. 相似文献
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A granulosis virus (GV) was isolated from the diseased caterpillars of Arctornis submarginata (Walker) (Lymantriidae), a defoliating pest of tea from Darjeeling foothill region. The phase contrast and transmission electron microscopic studies identified the virus as granulosis virus. SDS-PAGE analysis of major protein of the occlusion bodies was found to be 31 kDa, characteristic for granulin. The total genomic DNA was isolated. The major band found was of molecular weight 16 kDa. Bioassay conducted with the occlusion bodies (OBs) of the virus showed LC50 value of 4.46 × 104 OBs/ml for the second instar caterpillars. Median lethal time (LT50) were 6.6 days for 1 × 104 OBs/ml, 5.09 days for 1 × 105 OBs/ml, 4.45 days for 1 × 106 OBs/ml and 3.87 days for 1 × 107OBs/ml concentrations. The results indicated the potential of the virus for its future application as microbial pesticide against A. submarginata in future. 相似文献
37.
Frank Bennett Yuhua Huang Siska Hendrata Raymond Lovey Stephane L. Bogen Weidong Pan Zhuyan Guo Andrew Prongay Kevin X. Chen Ashok Arasappan Srikanth Venkatraman Francisco Velazquez Latha Nair Mousumi Sannigrahi Xiao Tong John Pichardo Kuo-Chi Cheng Viyyoor M. Girijavallabhan Anil K. Saksena F. George Njoroge 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2010,20(8):2617-2621
In the search for a second generation HCV protease inhibitor, molecular modeling studies of the X-ray crystal structure of Boceprevir® 1 bound to the NS3 protein suggest that expansion into the S4 pocket could provide additional hydrophobic Van der Waals interactions. Effective replacement of the P4 tert-butyl with a cyclohexylmethyl ligand led to inhibitor 2 with improved enzyme and replicon activities. Subsequent modeling and SAR studies led to the pyridine 38 and sulfone analogues 52 and 53 with vastly improved PK parameters in monkeys, forming a new foundation for further exploration. 相似文献
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Ruth M. H. Peters Dadun Wim H. Van Brakel Marjolein B. M. Zweekhorst Rita Damayanti Joske F. G. Bunders Irwanto 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2014,8(11)
Background
Stigma plays in an important role in the lives of persons affected by neglected tropical diseases, and assessment of stigma is important to document this. The aim of this study is to test the cross-cultural validity of the Community Stigma Scale (EMIC-CSS) and the Social Distance Scale (SDS) in the field of leprosy in Cirebon District, Indonesia.Methodology/principle findings
Cultural equivalence was tested by assessing the conceptual, item, semantic, operational and measurement equivalence of these instruments. A qualitative exploratory study was conducted to increase our understanding of the concept of stigma in Cirebon District. A process of translation, discussions, trainings and a pilot study followed. A sample of 259 community members was selected through convenience sampling and 67 repeated measures were obtained to assess the psychometric measurement properties. The aspects and items in the SDS and EMIC-CSS seem equally relevant and important in the target culture. The response scales were adapted to ensure that meaning is transferred accurately and no changes to the scale format (e.g. lay out, statements or questions) of both scales were made. A positive correlation was found between the EMIC-CSS and the SDS total scores (r = 0.41). Cronbach''s alphas of 0.83 and 0.87 were found for the EMIC-CSS and SDS. The exploratory factor analysis indicated for both scales an adequate fit as unidimensional scale. A standard error of measurement of 2.38 was found in the EMIC-CSS and of 1.78 in the SDS. The test-retest reliability coefficient was respectively, 0.84 and 0.75. No floor or ceiling effects were found.Conclusions/significance
According to current international standards, our findings indicate that the EMIC-CSS and the SDS have adequate cultural validity to assess social stigma in leprosy in the Bahasa Indonesia-speaking population of Cirebon District. We believe the scales can be further improved, for instance, by adding, changing and rephrasing certain items. Finally, we provide suggestions for use with other neglected tropical diseases. 相似文献40.