The scale-up from 0.1 to 100 liter of a unit process system based on 3-mm-diameter glass spheres for the production of four strains of FMDV from BHK monolayer cells

This paper describes the scale-up from 0.1 to 100 liter of the unit process based on 3-mm-diameter glass spheres for the growth of BHK monolayer cells. The production of four strains of FMD virus at the 0.1-, 10-, and 100-liter scales was examined. Cell growth was estimated from measurements of the concentration of glucose in the growth medium, while the release of virus was inferred from measuring the concentration of LDH in the culture supernatant fluid. The yields of virus at 0.1-, 1-, and 10-liter scales were similar but that from the 100-liter version was somewhat lower. The reason for this lower yield and the method used to overcome it over outlined.     

Solution structure of [d(GGTATACC)]2: wrinkled D structure of the TATA moiety

Phase-sensitive two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectra of [d(GGTATACC)]2 in aqueous deuterium oxide solution at four mixing times were quantified to give all nonoverlapping cross-peak intensities. A structural model for [d(GGTATACC)]2 was built in which the GG- and -CC moieties were in the B-DNA form, while the middle -TATA- moiety was in the wrinkled-D form (BDB model). This model was subjected to energy refinement by molecular mechanics calculations with the program AMBER. Counterions (Na+) were added to neutralize the charges, and water molecules were placed bridging across the minor groove. A complete relaxation matrix analysis was used to calculate two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectra of [d(GGTATACC)]2 from the above models (before and after energy refinement) and from four other [d(GGTATACC)]2 structural models: regular A, crystalline A, regular B, and energy-minimized B. Among them, the energy-minimized BDB model yielded a set of theoretical spectra that gave the best fit to the experimental spectra. It was also the energetically most stable. Therefore, it is a good representation of the ensemble- and time-averaged structure of the octamer in solution. This model has backbone torsion angles similar to those of B-form DNA in the GG- and -CC moieties and torsion angles similar to those of wrinkled D form DNA in the -TATA- moiety. The base stacking and base pairing are not interrupted at the junctions between the two structural moieties. Its minor groove is narrower than that of B DNA, and the solvent-accessible surface of the minor groove forms a closed hydration tunnel in the middle -TATA- segment.     

Self-splicing of group II introns in vitro: lariat formation and 3' splice site selection in mutant RNAs

Deletion or substitution of the branch A residue in group II intron bl1 significantly reduces splicing activity; yet, residual exon ligation is correct, and lariats have their branch points at the normal distance from the 3' end of the intron. Mutations in the sequence facing the branch point also allow residual lariat formation; however, free 3' exons are generated with false 5' termini, all of which are within a UCACA consensus sequence located upstream or downstream of the normal 3' splice site. These results indicate that both the conserved 3' splice site APy and the spatial arrangements in stem 6 are crucial for correct 3' splice site selection.     

Morphological taxonomy of little-differentiated Hyphomycetes

Morphological taxonomy of simple Hyphomycetes is complicated by the frequent occurrence of pleoanamorphism. In some groups of yeast-like fungi, uncommon synanamorphs are diagnostic. Differences in conidiogenesis do not always delimit natural groups. Some nomenclatural problems are mentioned, with an emphasis on the need of neotypification. Prospects are sketched for future taxonomic research.     

Binding of [3H]estradiol- and [3H]H1285-receptor complexes to rabbit uterine chromatin

In the present study we investigated the binding characteristics of estrogen and antiestrogen-receptor complexes to rabbit uterine chromatin. Activated or nonactivated estrogen receptors were partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography using low (1 mM) or high (10 mM) concentrations of sodium molybdate. Activated [³H]estradiol-receptor complexes showed enhanced binding to chromatin acceptor sites unmasked by 1 M, 4 M and 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. We also examined the chromatin-binding characteristics of the estrogen receptors when bound by the high-affinity triphenylethylene antiestrogen, H1285. The acceptor site activity for the [³H]H1285-receptor complexes was markedly decreased at sites unmasked by 4 M and 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Further, the nonactivated receptor complexes showed very low binding to deproteinized chromatin. The estrogen-receptor chromatin-acceptor sites were tissue specific and saturable. These chromatin acceptor sites differ in their affinity and capacity (number of binding sites per cell) for the estrogen- and antiestrogen-receptor complexes. Thus, we suggest that the differences in the physiological and physicochemical properties of estrogens and antiestrogens may be related to their differential interaction with uterine chromatin subfractions.     

Dynamics of lipid-protein interactions. Interaction of apolipoprotein A-II from human plasma high density lipoproteins with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

ApoA-II and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) spontaneously associate to give three different complexes whose structures are determined by the initial reactant concentration and by the reaction temperature with respect to Tc (23.9 degrees C), the gel to liquid crystalline transition temperature of DMPC. At an initial lipid to protein ratio of 45/1, a single complex (2.29 x 10(5) daltons) is quantitatively formed at all temperatures between Tc - 4 degrees C and Tc + 6 degrees C. When the 45/1 complex is mixed with DMPC liposomes there is lipid exchange but no net transfer of lipid, so that the structure of the complex remains unaltered. At an initial molar ratio of 100 to 300:1, the reaction scheme is more complex. At 24 degrees C a 240/1 complex (1.5 x 10(6) daltons) is formed from a precursor 75/1 complex (3.43 x 10(5) daltons) if excess (approximately 300 mol/mol) lipid is present. The 75/1 complex exhibits lipid exchange in the presence of added DMPC liposomes at 24 degrees C, and both the 75/1 and the 240/1 complex can be converted to smaller protein-rich complexes in the presence of added apoA-II. These results suggest that the initial lipid/protein ratio and the physical state of a lipid or lipid . protein complex determines the composition and structure of the resulting complex and support the view that lipid-protein interactions are stronger than protein-protein or lipid-lipid interactions.     

The effect of acetaldehyde on gluconeogenesis from xylitol, sorbitol, and fructose by isolated rat liver cells.

In isolated rat liver cells, ethanol inhibited gluconeogenesis from xylitol and sorbitol but not from fructose. Acetaldehyde, at initial concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mm, stimulated gluconeogenesis from xylitol and sorbitol in the absence of pyrazole but inhibited in the presence of pyrazole. There was no effect with fructose. Acetate had no effect. Methylene blue and pyruvate (but not lactate) prevented the stimulatory as well as the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde. Acetoacetate (but not β3-hydroxybutyrate) prevented, to a large extent, the inhibitory effects of low (but not high) concentrations of acetaldehyde. The inhibition by low concentrations of acetaldehyde appears to be mediated via acetaldehyde oxidation in the mitochondria, whereas the inhibition by high concentrations of acetaldehyde appears to reflect acetaldehyde oxidation in the cytosol. These data indicate that the inhibitory action of ethanol on glucose production from xylitol and sorbitol can be reproduced by physiological concentrations of acetaldehyde. Changes in the $\text{NAD}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{NADH}$ ratio produced during acetaldehyde metabolism appear to be responsible for these effects of acetaldehyde. These changes may contribute to the actions of ethanol on gluconeogenesis from these substrates.     

Can People Guess What Happened to Others from Their Reactions?

Are we able to infer what happened to a person from a brief sample of his/her behaviour? It has been proposed that mentalising skills can be used to retrodict as well as predict behaviour, that is, to determine what mental states of a target have already occurred. The current study aimed to develop a paradigm to explore these processes, which takes into account the intricacies of real-life situations in which reasoning about mental states, as embodied in behaviour, may be utilised. A novel task was devised which involved observing subtle and naturalistic reactions of others in order to determine the event that had previously taken place. Thirty-five participants viewed videos of real individuals reacting to the researcher behaving in one of four possible ways, and were asked to judge which of the four ‘scenarios’ they thought the individual was responding to. Their eye movements were recorded to establish the visual strategies used. Participants were able to deduce successfully from a small sample of behaviour which scenario had previously occurred. Surprisingly, looking at the eye region was associated with poorer identification of the scenarios, and eye movement strategy varied depending on the event experienced by the person in the video. This suggests people flexibly deploy their attention using a retrodictive mindreading process to infer events.