Symplastic Transfer of Fluorescent Dyes from Mesophyll to Sieve Tube in Stripped Leaf Tissue and Partly Isolated Minor Veins of Commelina benghalensis

We have stripped small (3 × 3 mm) fields of the upper and the opposite lower epidermis of Commelina benghalensis leaves. Pectinase treatment of the resulting chlorenchyma windows produced free-lying viable minor veins with small lumps of mesophyll cells attached. These veins were still connected with the intact remainder of the leaf. Fluorescent dyes were injected into mesophyll cells or mestome sheath cells. Continuous following of the dye from the moment of injection and use of the simple vein system allowed an unhindered and precise assessment of the cell-to-cell route of dye transfer. Disodium fluorescein and Lucifer Yellow CH injected into mesophyll or mestome sheath cells readily moved to the sieve tube. This symplastic dye transfer from mesophyll to sieve tube was also observed after injection into unmacerated stripped leaf tissue. The displacement of fluorescent dyes substantiates a symplastic continuity between mesophyll and sieve tube and therefore supports the possibility of symplastic phloem loading.     

Preparation and characterization of envelope membranes from nongreen plastids

We have developed a reliable procedure for the purification of envelope membranes from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) bud plastids and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) cell amyloplasts. After disruption of purified intact plastids, separation of envelope membranes was achieved by centrifugation on a linear sucrose gradient. A membrane fraction, having a density of 1.122 grams per cubic centimeter and containing carotenoids, was identified as the plastid envelope by the presence of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase. Using antibodies raised against spinach chloroplast envelope polypeptides E24 and E30, we have demonstrated that both the outer and the inner envelope membranes were present in this envelope fraction. The major polypeptide in the envelope fractions from sycamore and cauliflower plastids was identified immunologically as the phosphate translocator. In the envelope membranes from cauliflower and sycamore plastids, the major glycerolipids were monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, and phosphatidylcholine. Purified envelope membranes from cauliflower bud plastids and sycamore amyloplasts also contained a galactolipid:galactolipid galactosyltransferase, enzymes for phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol biosynthesis, acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase, and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase. These results demonstrate that envelope membranes from nongreen plastids present a high level of homology with chloroplasts envelope membranes.     

用改良的杆状病毒载体在家蚕中进行人α-干扰素基因的高水平表达

基因工程的目的之一是增加在细胞中所需的基因产物的表达量。首先用大量生产的宿主有大肠杆菌和一些其他的细菌。但是当细菌作为宿主时存在着几个问题,例如多肽糖基化缺陷、寄主蛋白酶造成的产物降解及缺乏分泌等。采用哺乳类动物细胞可排除上述问题,但要大量生产,仍然存在着许多与培养系统的复杂性及效率有关的问题。     

菜豆属次级联会的细胞学和统计学分析

在花粉母细胞减数第一分裂时期,对多花菜豆（Phaseolus coccineus L.)4个品种,菜豆（P.vulgaris L.)5个品种和菜豆变种[P.vulgaris var,baorigineus(Burk.)baudet]的一个收集样品的二价体次级联会（次级配对）进行了细胞学检查,同时也提供了一种评价观测到的联会程度和预期的随机联会程度之间的偏差统计学方法,发现次级配对的程序是高度显著的,对透射电子显微技术加以改进,并使之能够观察压片完整的花粉母细胞,显示出在次级联会的双价体之间发生有形的联结。     

飞蝗复眼生理和结构上的节律变化

采用细胞内记录和光镜方法研究了飞蝗(Locusta migratoria)夜间和日间在暗适应和明适应状态下小网膜细胞角敏感度以及晶锥和小网膜细胞之间区域结构上的变化.结果表明小网膜细胞角敏感度的变化不仅仅由于晶锥周围主色素细胞色素颗粒的移动,而且也由于小眼感杆束结构上的节律变化.     

豌豆根瘤侵染细胞衰老过程的电镜观察

用透射电镜观察了豌豆根瘤侵染细胞在衰老过程中的超微结构变化,结果表明,侵染细胞和拟菌体的衰老有一定的规律和特征,首先是一些包裹拟菌体的包囊变得疏松,包囊和拟菌体之间出现较大间隙,间隙中常有一些纤维状和泡状物质。然后,细胞质失去正常结构,逐渐凝聚为染色很深的团块,进而完全泡状化,伴随着拟菌体的衰老,寄主细胞质染色由深变浅,细胞器逐渐减少,最后,液泡和质膜相继破裂,细胞完全瓦解,有时在衰老细胞的胞间隙,或在衰老的细胞质中有一定年轻的细菌,甚至在一片崩溃的拟菌体中还有侵染丝,有的还正在向寄主细胞质释放细菌。     

籼稻体细胞胚胎发生的组织学及细胞学研究

以成熟种子为外植体,在离体培养中研究了体细胞胚胎发生,组织学研究表明,愈伤组织是由成熟种子盾片的表皮吸收细胞首先发生的,随后从愈伤组织分化出胚状体。象水稻合子胚的结构一样,体细胞胚状体主要由盾片,胚芽稍及胚根组成,在胚状体内可以观察到不同发育时期的原胚,包括大量的单一的胚性细胞、二细胞、四细胞及分化程度不同的原胚以及一些畸形胚状体,从本实验可以初步认为由籼稻体细胞培养而获得的胚状体在结构上也有象合子胚一样的基本结构,并且是单细胞起源的。     

图论在中国慈姑属数量分类研究中的应用

慈姑属(Sagittaria L.)是水生单子叶植物泽泻科(Alismataceae)的一个重要属。近年来,陈家宽等对中国慈姑属进行了系统研究。作者应用聚类分析和主成分分析进行了中国慈姑属的数量分类,取得了良好的效果。由于慈姑属分类性状数目较大,因而在压缩后的三维空间中描述分类群间的距离,