The Colposcopic Atlas of Schistosomiasis in the Lower Female Genital Tract Based on Studies in Malawi,Zimbabwe, Madagascar and South Africa

Background

Schistosoma (S.) haematobium is a neglected tropical disease which may affect any part of the genital tract in women. Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) may cause abnormal vaginal discharge, contact bleeding, genital tumours, ectopic pregnancies and increased susceptibility to HIV. Symptoms may mimic those typical of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and women with genital schistosomiasis may be incorrectly diagnosed. An expert consensus meeting suggested that the following findings by visual inspection should serve as proxy indicators for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis of the lower genital tract in women from S. haematobium endemic areas: sandy patches appearing as (1) single or clustered grains or (2) sandy patches appearing as homogenous, yellow areas, or (3) rubbery papules. In this atlas we aim to provide an overview of the genital mucosal manifestations of schistosomiasis in women.

Methodology/Principal findings

Photocolposcopic images were captured from women, between 1994 and 2012 in four different study sites endemic for S. haematobium in Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Madagascar. Images and specimens were sampled from sexually active women between 15 and 49 years of age. Colposcopic images of other diseases are included for differential diagnostic purposes.

Significance

This is the first atlas to present the clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis in the lower female genital tract. It will be freely available for online use, downloadable as a presentation and for print. It could be used for training purposes, further research, and in clinical practice.     

Reactive oxygen species induce expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in chondrocytes and human articular cartilage explants

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes cartilage-degrading pathways, and there is evidence for the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cartilage degeneration. However, a relationship between ROS and VEGF has not been reported. Here, we investigate whether the expression of VEGF is modulated by ROS.     

Einführung zum Thema: Erbliche Nierenerkrankungen

medizinische genetik -     

Pentacyclic triterpenes from Myrianthus liberecus

From the methylated trunk wood extracts of Myrianthus liberecus, six pentacyclic triterpenes have been isolated as their methyl esters. These included the known methyl benthamate, methyl euscaphate, methyl tormentate, methyl arjunolate, methyl 3-isoarjunolate and methyl 3β-O-(4″-O-methyl-E-coumaroyl)-arjunolate, a new triterpene derivative.     

Rat thymic epithelial cells in vitro and in situ: characterization by immunocytochemistry and morphology

A new method for the long-term culture of pure rat thymic epithelial cells was established. The cultures were characterized by immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy and proliferation assays. Non-epithelial thymic cells were eliminated with a reliable and reproducible pre-plating method, by differential trypsin treatment of the cultures and by addition of horse serum to the culture medium instead of fetal calf serum. The final cultures contained more than 95% pure epithelial cells as evidenced by immunostaining for cytokeratin. Ultrastructural studies indicated that these cells are physiologically active epithelial cells with tonofilaments, desmosomes and filopods. The subsets of the thymic epithelial cells in vitro were investigated by comparing their staining pattern with that obtained in situ using several subtype-selective antibodies. Thymic epithelial cells in vitro showed a preferential expression of subcapsular/perivascular and medullary markers. Only few cultivated cells were of cortical origin. In the first to the fourth subcultures, some cells were immunopositive for the thymus hormone/factor thymulin. The proliferation of thymic epithelial cells was stimulated by horse serum and to a lesser extend by fetal calf serum. The adenylate cyclase activators isoproterenol and forskolin, and the glucocorticoid cortisol inhibited the proliferation. Received: 12 May 1995 / Accepted: 13 October 1995     

The effects of check dams and other erosion control structures on the restoration of Andean bofedal ecosystems

Restoring degraded lands in rural environments that are heavily managed to meet subsistence needs is a challenge due to high rates of disturbance and resource extraction. This study investigates the efficacy of erosion control structures (ECSs) as restoration tools in the context of a watershed rehabilitation and wet meadow (bofedal) restoration program in the Bolivian Andes. In an effort to enhance water security and increase grazing stability, Aymara indigenous communities built over 15,000 check dams, 9,100 terraces, 5,300 infiltration ditches, and 35 pasture improvement trials. Communities built ECSs at different rates, and we compared vegetation change in the highest restoration management intensity, lowest restoration management intensity, and nonproject control communities. We used line transects to measure changes in vegetation cover and standing water in gullies with check dams and without check dams, and related these ground measurements to a time series (1986–2009) of normalized difference vegetation index derived from Landsat TM5 images. Evidence suggests that check dams increase bofedal vegetation and standing water at a local scale, and lead to increased greenness at a basin scale when combined with other ECSs. Watershed rehabilitation enhances ecosystem services significant to local communities (grazing stability, water security), which creates important synergies when conducting land restoration in rural development settings.     

Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Through Nd‐Doping of Mesostructured TiO2

Block‐copolymer templated chemical solution deposition is used to prepare mesoporous Nd‐doped TiO₂ electrodes for perovskite‐based solar cells. X‐ray diffraction and photothermal deflection spectroscopy show substitutional incorporation into the TiO₂ crystal lattice for low Nd concentration, and increasing interstitial doping for higher concentrations. Substitutional Nd‐doping leads to an increase in stability and performance of perovskite solar cells by eliminating defects and thus increasing electron transport and reducing charge recombination in the mesoporous TiO₂. The optimized doping concentration of 0.3% Nd enables the preparation of perovskite solar cells with stabilized power conversion efficiency of >18%.     

Interaction of trichorzianines A and B with model membranes and with the amoeba Dictyostelium

Trichorzianines A (TA) and B (TB) are microheterogeneous mixtures of antibiotic nonadecapeptides of the peptaibol class which interact with lipidic membranes and modify their permeability properties. The TB differ from the TA by replacement of the Gln-18 by a Glu, giving rise to a C-terminal negative charge at neutral pH. The role of this charge on the trichorzianine-lipid interaction was investigated with model membranes by fluorescence spectroscopy and the results were correlated with the biological activity toward the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. The interaction of the acidic trichorzianine TB IIIc (Glu-18) with phospholipid bilayers and the subsequent induced permeability were weaker than that exhibited by the uncharged TA IIIc (Gln-18) and MeTB IIIc (TB IIIc monomethyl ester). The unfavourable effect of the negative charge in TB IIIc was strongly enhanced by incorporation of cholesterol in the bilayer. Similarly, TA IIIc as well as MeTB IIIc induced growth inhibition and lysis of the amoeba Dictyostelium at four times lower concentrations than TB IIIc. The results suggested that the interaction of trichorzianines with the phospholipid bilayer and the subsequent modifications of permeability were involved in the inhibitory properties and cell lysis induced by trichorzianines toward Dictyostelium.     

Structure des acides isomuronique et neuropogolique,nouveaux acides aliphatiques du lichen Neuropogon trachycarpus

The structures of two new aliphatic acids, isomuronic and neuropogolic acid, from the lichen Neuropogon trachycarpus, were established by spectroscopic (MS, ¹H and ¹³C NMR) and chemical evidence. Circular dichroism data allowed the configuration of isomuronic acid to be assigned as 2R.     

Characterization of the cytoskeleton in human normal and otosclerotic osteoblast-like cells.

The localization and distribution of some cytoskeletal protein components were studied by immunostaining methods in normal and ostosclerotic osteoblast-like cells. The protein components investigated were microtubules (beta-tubulin), intermediate filaments (vimentin), microfilaments (actin and myosin) and structural proteins (alpha-actinin and fibronectin). Although the mechanism is not yet clear, the alterations observed in the pathological cells could well play a role in the expression of otosclerosis.