EFFECTS OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTAL L-CARNITINE AND ASCORBIC ACID ON PERFORMANCE,CARCASS COMPOSITION AND PLASMA L-CARNITINE CONCENTRATION OF BROILER CHICKS REARED UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE

The present study was initiated to determine whether dietary supplemental L-carnitine and ascorbic acid affect growth performance, carcass yield and composition, abdominal fat and plasma L-carnitine concentration of broiler chicks reared under normal and high temperature. During the experiment, two temperature regimes were employed in two experimental rooms, which were identical but different in environmental temperature. The regimes were thermoneutral (20-22°C for 24 h) or recycling hot (34-36°C for 8 h and 20-22°C for 16 h). One-day-old broiler chicks (ROSS) were used in the experiment. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was employed with two levels (0 and 50 mg/kg) of supplemental L-carnitine and two levels (0 or 500 mg/kg) of supplemental ascorbic acid in drinking water under thermoneutral or high temperature regimes. Body weight gain was affected by high temperature. However, body weight gain was significantly improved in animals receiving supplemental L-carnitine, ascorbic acid or L-carnitine + ascorbic acid compared to animals receiving unsupplemented diet under high temperature. On the other hand, supplemental L-carnitine or L-carnitine + ascorbic acid reduced body weight gain under thermoneutral condition. Supplemental ascorbic acid significantly improved feed conversion efficiency, the improvement was relatively greater under high temperature. The L-carnitine content in the plasma was higher in the groups receiving supplemental L-carnitine and ascorbic acid under high temperature, while broilers fed supplemental L-carnitine and ascorbic acid had a decreased level of plasma L-carnitine concentration under normal temperature. It is concluded that dietary supplemental L-carnitine or L-carnitine + ascorbic acid may have positive effects on body weight gain, carcass weight under high temperature conditions.     

The provision of supplementary fresh water improves the breeding success of the globally threatened Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita

The Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita is a globally threatened species with its main remaining world population breeding in an area of sea cliffs and coastal semi‐desert steppe near Agadir in southern Morocco. Between 1998 and 2002, we showed experimentally that the small‐scale provision of fresh water near the breeding colonies led to an increase in the productivity of the birds. The increase was greatest in years with low natural rainfall but was positive in all years tested. The supplementary fresh water appears to help buffer productivity against the impacts of low rainfall and its provision is now part of the ongoing conservation measures for this species.     

Expression of low molecular weight heat-shock proteins and total antioxidant activity in the Mediterranean tree Quercus ilex L. in relation to seasonal and diurnal changes in physiological parameters

The total antioxidant activity (TAA) and the accumulation of small heat shock proteins (sHsps) were analysed under field conditions in Quercus ilex with regard to organ ontogeny and the physiological state of the plant. The results point toward the participation of sHsps and an increase of TAA in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) of woody Mediterranean evergreens. In leaves and stems, there was a definite TAA seasonal pattern but no effect from diurnal variations or from the current stage of organ ontogeny. TAA was about twice as large in summer as in spring and winter and the hydrophilic antioxidant content was about 16 times greater than that of lipophilic antioxidants. The accumulation of sHsps in leaves also showed a seasonal pattern, but no effect from diurnal variations or from leaf ontogeny. In summer days, the sHsps content remained invariable even during the daylight hours in which the leaves were physiologically recovered. However, the accumulation of sHsps in stems did vary in relation to organ ontogeny. Old stems had a high accumulation of sHsps throughout the year, whereas in young stems, accumulation of sHsps was detected only in summer. This is probably due to a higher quantity of lignified and suberized tissues in the older stems. Using two‐dimensional immunodetection for leaves and stems, two sets of Hs protein species (17 and 10 kDa regions) were observed. In stems, there was an increase in 10 kDa proteins from winter to summer. These results are discussed and the possible role of the two types of polypeptides in the face of environmental and endogenous oxidative stress are considered.