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31.
Five different concentrations (100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 μg/L of aflatoxin B1 were found to be inhibitory to seed germination and seedling growth (root and shoot lengths) of mustard seeds (variety Pusa
bold). These also lowered the levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the emerging leaves during seedling growth. The inhibitory
effect was correlated with the concentration of applied toxin. 相似文献
32.
33.
RC Pritchett AM Al-Nawaiseh KK Pritchett V Nethery PA Bishop JM Green 《Biology of sport / Institute of Sport》2015,32(3):249-254
Sweat production is crucial for thermoregulation. However, sweating can be problematic for individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI), as they display a blunting of sudomotor and vasomotor responses below the level of the injury. Sweat gland density and eccrine gland metabolism in SCI are not well understood. Consequently, this study examined sweat lactate (S-LA) (reflective of sweat gland metabolism), active sweat gland density (SGD), and sweat output per gland (S/G) in 7 SCI athletes and 8 able-bodied (AB) controls matched for arm ergometry VO2peak. A sweat collection device was positioned on the upper scapular and medial calf of each subject just prior to the beginning of the trial, with iodine sweat gland density patches positioned on the upper scapular and medial calf. Participants were tested on a ramp protocol (7 min per stage, 20 W increase per stage) in a common exercise environment (21±1°C, 45-65% relative humidity). An independent t-test revealed lower (p<0.05) SGD (upper scapular) for SCI (22.3 ±14.8 glands · cm−2) vs. AB. (41.0 ± 8.1 glands · cm−2). However, there was no significant difference for S/G between groups. S-LA was significantly greater (p<0.05) during the second exercise stage for SCI (11.5±10.9 mmol · l−1) vs. AB (26.8±11.07 mmol · l−1). These findings suggest that SCI athletes had less active sweat glands compared to the AB group, but the sweat response was similar (SLA, S/G) between AB and SCI athletes. The results suggest similar interglandular metabolic activity irrespective of overall sweat rate. 相似文献
34.
35.
Discovery of a new drug is time consuming and laborious process. Natural products have long been a thriving source for the discovery of new drugs due to their chemical diversity and ability to act on various biological targets. The phytochemical exploration of indigeneous flora has contributed to some extent in this race for the discovery of new drugs. The traditional Indian systems of medicine has been a part of our lifestyle since ages and the classical texts like Ayurveda and Charak Samhita have served as materia medica for this purpose. This review focuses on the contributions made from India in the drug discovery and development process and provides future directions in the area. 相似文献
36.
Bharate SB Bhutani KK Khan SI Tekwani BL Jacob MR Khan IA Singh IP 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2006,14(6):1750-1760
In the present communication, naturally occurring phloroglucinol-monoterpene adducts, euglobals G1-G4 (3b/a and 4a/b) and 16 new analogues (13a/b-18a/b and 19-22) were synthesized by biomimetic approach. These synthetic compounds differ from natural euglobals in the nature of monoterpene and acyl functionality. All of these compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial and antimalarial activities. Analogue 17b possessed good antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, while analogues 19-22 possessed potent antifungal activity against Candida glabrata with IC50s ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 microg/mL. Euglobals along with all synthesized analogues exhibited antileishmanial activity. Amongst these, euglobal G2 (3a), G3 (4a) and analogues 13a and 14a showed potent antileishmanial activity with IC50s ranging from 2.8 to 3.9 microg/mL. Analogue 16a possessed antimalarial activity against chloroquine sensitive D6 clone of Plasmodium falciparum. None of the compounds showed toxicity against mammalian kidney fibroblasts (vero cells) upto the concentration of 4.76 microg/ml. 相似文献
37.
York IA Bhutani N Zendzian S Goldberg AL Rock KL 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2006,177(3):1434-1443
Recent reports concluded that tripeptidyl peptidase (TPPII) is essential for MHC class I Ag presentation and that the proteasome in vivo mainly releases peptides 16 residues or longer that require processing by TPPII. However, we find that eliminating TPPII from human cells using small interfering RNA did not decrease the overall supply of peptides to MHC class I molecules and reduced only modestly the presentation of SIINFEKL from OVA, while treatment with proteasome inhibitors reduced these processes dramatically. Purified TPPII digests peptides from 6 to 30 residues long at similar rates, but eliminating TPPII in cells reduced the processing of long antigenic precursors (14-17 residues) more than short ones (9-12 residues). Therefore, TPPII appears to be the major peptidase capable of processing proteasome products longer than 14 residues. However, proteasomes in vivo (like purified proteasomes) release relatively few such peptides, and these peptides processed by TPPII require further trimming in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by ER aminopeptidase 1 for presentation. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that TPPII plays a specialized role in Ag processing and one that is not essential for the generation of most presented peptides. Moreover, these findings reveal that three sequential proteolytic steps (by proteasomes, TPPII, and then ER aminopepsidase 1) are required for the generation of a subset of epitopes. 相似文献
38.
Keyur G. Brahmbhatt Nafees Ahmed Sudeep Sabde Debashis Mitra Inder Pal Singh Kamlesh K. Bhutani 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2010,20(15):4416-4419
A series of β-carboline derivatives were synthesized by utilizing aromatization and chemoselective alkylation method recently reported from our laboratory. Synthesized derivatives were evaluated for anti-HIV activity in human CD4+ T cell line (CEM-GFP) infected with HIV-1 NL4.3 virus. 1-Formyl-β-carboline-3-carbxylic acid methyl ester (15) showed inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus at IC50 = 2.9 μM. 相似文献
39.
Mirko Pegoraro Shumaila Noreen Supriya Bhutani Avgi Tsolou Ralf Schmid Charalambos P. Kyriacou Eran Tauber 《PloS one》2014,9(1)
Genetic variations in circadian clock genes may serve as molecular adaptations, allowing populations to adapt to local environments. Here, we carried out a survey of genetic variation in Drosophila cryptochrome (cry), the fly’s dedicated circadian photoreceptor. An initial screen of 10 European cry alleles revealed substantial variation, including seven non-synonymous changes. The SNP frequency spectra and the excessive linkage disequilibrium in this locus suggested that this variation is maintained by natural selection. We focused on a non-conservative SNP involving a leucine - histidine replacement (L232H) and found that this polymorphism is common, with both alleles at intermediate frequencies across 27 populations surveyed in Europe, irrespective of latitude. Remarkably, we were able to reproduce this natural observation in the laboratory using replicate population cages where the minor allele frequency was initially set to 10%. Within 20 generations, the two allelic variants converged to approximately equal frequencies. Further experiments using congenic strains, showed that this SNP has a phenotypic impact, with variants showing significantly different eclosion profiles. At the long term, these phase differences in eclosion may contribute to genetic differentiation among individuals, and shape the evolution of wild populations. 相似文献
40.
Two genetic loci, viz. COL3A and CTLA4, located within the chromosome 2q31-33 region in the vicinity of the proposed syntenic
site of the mouse “Bcg” locus were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction in leprosy patients and healthy individuals.
All the subjects studied were assessed as in-vitro responders/non-responders to mycobacterial antigens. Simple sequence length
polymorphism analysis revealed five (236 to 312 bp) and eight (84 to 120 bp) allelomorphs for COL3A and CTLA4, respectively.
Our preliminary analysis showed a significant association between the 250-bp COL3A allelomorph in the homozygous condition
and the multibacillary form of leprosy (P < 0.05; relative risk = 5.5). Another allelic (312 bp) variant of COL3A was significantly correlated with non-responsiveness
to M. leprae antigens in vitro (P < 0.01). The 104-bp allelomorph of CTLA4 was not observed in any of the 25 cases of leprosy. This absence was statistically
significant (P < 0.05) when compared with normal healthy controls and depicted a high relative risk (RR = 25.83). An additional observation
of the predominance of a unique 84-bp CTLA4/CTLA4-like allelomorph was observed in the Indian subjects studied.
Received: 28 October 1996 / Accepted: 13 February 1997 相似文献